Should high schools offer vocational education, or should students go Essay

Should high schools offer vocational education, or should students go to trade schools for practical job training - Essay Example It can be said beyond doubt that academic education plays an important role in sharpening and broadening the minds of the students, however practical application of the theoretical studies do much more. Providing vocational education in the high schools also diversify the curriculum, providing students with greater learning and experience. If a person wishes to pursue a career in a technical field, he needs to have a solid foundation and practice to ensure a successful career. This foundation can be made if high schools offer optional vocational education to its students. Vocational education also prepares the students for their practical life by granting them exposure to the practical works (Copa). If the students get vocational education during their high school, they can also polish their skills by working part time in the related field; so that by the time, their high school is finished, they would be ready to follow their respective careers. Providing vocational education in hig h school also allows the students to recognize their interests so that, in future they can opt for a career that suits their liking (Felder and Glavin). The market for skilled technical labor is constantly on the rise. Technical workers are hugely in demand and thus get high compensations for their work.

Fin 352 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Fin 352 - Essay Example Securitization is the pooling of various contractual debt types like commercial and residential mortgages and selling them in consolidation to various investors as pass-through securities, bonds or as collateralized mortgage obligation. Receivables are taken â€Å"off balance sheet† then replaced with equivalents in cash. This improves an originator’s balance sheet, securitization can thus enhance the managerial control over structure and size of a company’s balance sheet. Financial leverage refers to the techniques used to multiply either gains or losses. Many times it involves buying a lot of assets using borrowed funds in anticipation that the appreciation will be higher than the borrowing cost. In futures markets, leverage is having control over huge cash amounts for commodities that have comparatively small capital levels. In futures markets, price leveraging is common resulting in small changes in futures prices translating into huge gains or

Standards of Quality Health Care

Standards of Quality Health Care Patricia Hall Long-term nursing home care has unique elements relative to the type of medical attention that is required and the publics perception of elder care. Modern nursing care facilities must adhere to the six standards of quality health maintenance: Safety: Circumventing injury to patients from the care that is supposed to make them healthier. This invokes the Hippocratic Oath, both old and modern versions (Medical definition of Hippocratic oath, 1996), to cause no harm. Effectiveness: Providing administrations based on logical information to all who could profit and abstaining from giving administrations to those not prone to profit (maintaining a strategic distance from underuse and abuse, individually). Avoid overmedication in elder care scenarios. Patient-centeredness: Providing care that is deferential of and receptive to individual patient inclinations, needs, and values and guaranteeing that patient qualities control every single clinical choice. Make a long-term care facility as close to a residents home life as possible, with the inclusion of personal amenities and family involvement a standard technique. Timeliness: Reducing wait times and sometimes damaging postponements for both those who receive and those who give care. A major complaint from patients is the wait time between being seen by a health care provider, and the red tape required to obtain treatment from specialists. Efficiency: Avoiding waste, including misuse of gear, supplies, thoughts, and vitality. A prime example of a need for teamwork in the organization. Equitability: Providing care that does not differ in quality in view of individual attributes, for example, sex, ethnicity, geographic area, and financial status (The Six Domains of Health Care Quality, 2016). Making sure that no patient experiences uneasiness during a health care visit due to cultural differences. Patient-centered care advances decision, reason and importance in day by day life. Individual-centered care implies that nursing home occupants are bolstered in accomplishing the level of physical, mental and psychosocial prosperity that is independently practicable. This objective respects the significance of keeping the individual at the focal point of the care management and basic leadership process. Care arrangements are living reports that are updated to mirror a persons evolving needs. In person-centered care, staff puts a premium on undivided attention and watching, so staff can adjust to every inhabitants changing needs paying little heed to subjective capacities (National nursing home quality improvement campaign, 2017). The staff treats the patient well regardless of that patients ability to appreciate the fact. A prime model of a patient-focused long-term care organization, the Eden Alternative is a global, non-benefit association committed to creating personal satisfaction for elders and their care assistants, wherever they may live. Through training, counsel, and effort, Eden Alternative offers individual coordinated standards and practices that bolster the novel needs of various living conditions, extending from the nursing home to the neighborhood street (AlternativeÂÂ ®, 2017). Family interaction is strongly encouraged. In a culture that ordinarily sees maturing as a time of decay, the Eden Alternative theory asserts that regardless of how old we are or what challenges we live with, life is about keeping on developing. Expanding on this new worldview, it certifies that care is not a restricted road, yet rather a community association. All guardians and care recipients are portrayed as care partners, each a dynamic member in a critical position of giving and getting. Together, care partner teams try to upgrade prosperity by killing the three diseases of forlornness, weakness, and boredom (AlternativeÂÂ ®, 2017). This mantra reflects my personal beliefs regarding the dynamics of a long-term care facility. If I had it my way, families would not dread placing a loved one in the care of a long-term health facility, but consider it a positive process. References: Alternative, T. E. (2017, January 27). The Eden AlternativeÂÂ ® improving the lives of the elders. Retrieved February 23, 2017, from http://www.edenalt.org/ Medical definition of Hippocratic oath. (1996). Retrieved February 23, 2017, from http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=20909 National nursing home quality improvement campaign. (2017). Retrieved February 23, 2017, from https://www.nhqualitycampaign.org/goalDetail.aspx?g=pcc The Six Domains of Health Care Quality. (2016, March ). Retrieved February 23, 2017, from Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, http://www.ahrq.gov/professionals/quality-patient-safety/talkingquality/create/sixdomains.html

The Absence of Social Conflict Social Stability in Brave New World Essa

The Absence of Social Conflict Social Stability in Brave New World In Brave New World, Aldous Huxley introduces the dystopia of a society created on the principle of social stability at all costs. Huxley wrote this book in 1932 hoping to warn future generations of what he feared might happen if society did not do something to stop the inevitable. The leaders of our society today hope for and work towards social stability without taking away primitive rights. Social stability can only be achieved by a society whose beliefs in social and ethical issues are never challenged. So even though modern society hopes for social stability, it is not a practical aspiration because it is obvious that some of the social and ethical issues of our society today are wrong and should be challenged. The control of people’s minds; achieved by a strict caste system, hypnopedia, and the hallucinate soma; is used to insure social stability that is so important in the Brave New World society. The leaders of the society do not take in consideration wh at the effects of these methods might have on the individual, for example an earlier death. In Brave New World, the term social stability could also be termed societal control. This dystopia is similar to a communist government where the top 10% of society controls the lives of the other 90% of the people. The Bokanovsky process and Neo-Pavlovian Conditioning were both developed by the Brave New World society to achieve the strict caste system the society is based on. The Bokanovsky process can make a fertilized egg bud and divide into as many as 96 identical eggs that will mature into 96 identical adults. After the eggs have been fertilized Neo-Pavlovian Conditioning beg... ... is advancement. In the Brave New World society they said that they believed in the advancement of technology, but really they only wanted it advanced enough so that the society would not change. In our society today, our social and ethical ideologies given to us by family, friends, and mass media are that people control their own destiny, happiness is attained by achievement, recycle, reduce, and reuse. All of these ideologies are the opposites of those in the Brave New World society, a society that would remain stable at all costs. Social stability in our society today is hoped for in some ways but will never be achieved. This is because, we want to better ourselves as individuals as well as a society as a whole in any way possible. To do that, it is inevitable that social aspects of our society will change and therefore making our society socially unstable.

Equality, Diversity and Inclusion Essay

Diversity is about valuing individual difference, it can be visible and non-visible. Recognising everyone is unique and has individual differences such as: * Race * Gender * Age * Sex * Ethnicity * Religious beliefs * Sexual orientation * physical beliefs/ qualities * political beliefs * educational background * income * appearance see more:identify barriers to children and young people’s participation In a workplace environment it is very important to support people’s individual differences and to embrace on diversity with each individual. Diversity means more than just acknowledging or tolerating differences it’s about respecting them and understanding that we are all different in many ways. There are seven main forms of discrimination being: Direct discrimination occurs when someone is treated less favourably than another person because of a protected characteristic. Indirect discrimination occurs when a seemingly neutral provision, criterion or practice that applies to everyone places a group who share a characteristic e.g. type of disability at a particular disadvantage. Associative discrimination occurs when someone discriminates against someone because they associate with another person who possesses a protected characteristic. Discrimination by perception occurs when someone discriminates against an individual because they think they possess a particular protected characteristic. Dual discrimination occurs when someone is less favourably because of a combination of two protected characteristics. This means that it will be possible for an applicant to claim that they have been treated less favourably not just because of their race but also their gender. Detriment arising from a disability arises when you treat a person with a disability unfavourably because of something connected with their disability. This type of discrimination is unlawful where the employer or other person acting for employer knows, or could reasonably expected to know, that the person had a disability. Victimisation occurs when an employer is treated unfavourably, disadvantaged or subjected to a detriment because they have made or supported a complaint of discrimination or raised a grievance under the equality act, this policy or the harassment, bullying and discrimination policy or because they suspected of doing so. Third party harassment occurs when an employee is harassed by someone who does not work for the employing organisation such as a customer, visitor, client, contractor from another organisation. They employer will become legally responsible if the employer knows the employee has been harassed on two or more occasions and fails to take responsible steps to protect the employee. Equality Equality is the current term for â€Å"equal opportunities†. In October 2010 it was put in act to protect people from discrimination. Equality is not about treating everyone in the same way, it’s about recognising that there need s are met in different ways. We should aim to recognise, value and manage difference to enable all people contribute and realise their full potential. Inclusion Inclusion is about allowing everyone to join in group activities despite their differences. It’s about promoting equality of opportunities for all and encourages everyone to be treated fairly and valued equally.

Like a Virgin Essay

Note: Some names have been changed to protect the anonymity of the persons involved. Fake nose, fake lips, fake bust†¦ Can anything stay natural these days? Surgeons have apparently achieved to change every part of the body and they ain’t going to stop. Indeed, another form of surgery has become widespread around the world: hymenoplasty. Morocco hasn’t escape from that trend. But why in the world a woman would want to have her hymen −the tissue that covers the external part of the vagina and is broken in the first sexual intercourse− back? According to Dr. Youssef Derouich, a general practioner at a health center in Marrakech, hymenoplasty is â€Å"the reconstitution of the hymen using an artificial tissue or using the mucous membrane to create in this case an endogenous hymen.† There is another type of hymenoplasty: hymenorraphy which is simply a temporary hymenoplasty. Dr. Derouich emphasized the fact that it is an expensive surgery that is not allowed by the Moroccan law −which is why it is done secretly in some private hospitals. The hymen of a hymenoplasty lasts until the sexual act, while the one resulting from a hymenorraphy lasts for about two weeks as Dr. Derouich explained. There’s more. Women have another option, less expensive but more risky, to simulate their virginity. A made in China gadget. It is basically a little plastic bag full of fake blood that explodes during the defilement. A trick worthy of the best illusionists. Originally, it was a sex-toy made by a Japanese company. Read more:  Essay About the Virgin by Kerima Polotan Years after, a smart Chinese company, Gigimo, took this concept and started making cheap artificial hymens and selling them in Arab countries. We can now find these gadgets in some souks in Casablanca or Rabat for less than 300 dirhams (Roucaute). If Moroccan women are using those two methods these days to recreate a second virginity, despite the allergies, infections, and sutures’ failure that it may cause as Dr. Derouich asserted, it is mainly because of the importance of virginity of a woman in Morocco. â€Å"What a shame it would be for a man to marry a non-virgin woman!† Ms. Nadia Azzouzi, an active member of L’Association Dà ©mocratique des Femmes du Maroc (The Democratic Association of Women of Morocco) affirmed. The new bride even risks to be rejected by her family and divorced from her husband. These methods prove Ms. Azzouzi again the absurdity and hypocrisy of the Moroccan mentality. The first reason that she points out is that the non-virgins use it to pretend to be pure and chaste during their wedding night. Especially when in some areas in Morocco, we still have that tradition called the â€Å"bridal sheet† where the groom has to show to his family and sometimes even to the guests waiting in front of the door, the traces of bleeding caused by the defilement of his wife. An artificial hymen will be a â€Å"life-safer† for the non-virgin in this case, erasing her â€Å"mistakes of the past† and making her accepted by her family-in-law. Recreating a hymen is â€Å"lying to her husband while the principal foundations of marriage are trust and mutual respect. But most of all, it is lying to herself because imagining that she can restore a factitious virginity with a small piece of flesh is burying her head in the sand, like if it was this membrane that determines the chastity or even the value of a woman,† says Ms. Azzouzi. However, she is aware that in some cases, hymenoplasty is â€Å"acceptable† like for the examples that Dr. Derouich gave: little girls that had an accident when biking or riding a horse, or the 20% of women who don’t even have a hymen. Ms. Azzouzi’s voice became high-pitched when she started talking about the consequences of this behavior and how it drives in the male domination in the society. â€Å"Approving this is letting those men, who run after girls in bars and night clubs, exert their machismo on women that have to be docile and innocent and don’t own the right to have a sexual freedom.† She also adds that men do not want their wives to be already â€Å"used.† They find in this â€Å"privilege,† a way to prove their virility and impose, from the beginning, their strength in the couple. It will consequently lead to the objectification of the woman and drag her to the level of an object that becomes â€Å"useless once touched.† â€Å"The concept of virginity can’t be changed overnight,† says Nadia Azzouzi with a sigh. â€Å"We can maybe see hymenoplasty as a step forward to the freedom of women, but we can’t fool ourselves. A hymen can’t be sewed on again. Do we really want to own our rights with this petty and deceitful way? No! This method goes against all what sex equality stands for. It will only deepen the gap between the two genders and kick start the male chauvinism in our country.† And who knows, maybe two or three generations later, nobody will give that much importance to virginity anymore. Works Cited Azzouzi, N. Telephone interview. 9 Feb. 2013. Derouich, Y. Telephone interview. 10 Feb. 2013.  « L’hymà ©noplastie, une seconde virginità ©.  » Le Monde. Le Monde, 06 Jul. 2012. Web. 8 Feb. 2013. URL: http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2012/07/06/l-hymenoplastie-une- seconde-virginite_1729088_3224.html

The Confederation of Ontario University Staff Associations and Union

The Confederation of Ontario University Staff Associations and Union Background information about COUSA The Confederation of Ontario University Staff Associations and Union (COUSA) is an umbrella union that was formed in 1974 by a group of unionized employees working at Ontario University in Canada. COUSA is made up of workers from clerical jobs, administrative, technical and professional occupations. There are different types of groups under the COUSA umbrella.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Confederation of Ontario University Staff Associations and Union specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More They include employees from Ontario University- from independent, non-unionized groups, provincial groups and international unions- are members of COUSA. All member unions under COUSA shared a common aspiration: that all employees of Ontario University need a common platform to collect information and work together with the government. In addition, the umbrella organization does not rival other unionized organization; on the contrary, it is willing to collaborate with them to the benefit of workers (COUSA, 2011, p.1). There are many benefits one can get by joining COUSA. For example, members of the Confederation attend three seminars organized by the umbrella body every year to network and share valuable information about emerging issues in labor unions. COUSA offers avenues where non-academic employees at Ontario University can share knowledge and experience about trends or activities that touch on employment issues. In addition, COUSA organizes workshops where members discuss and share knowledge on crucial topics for example: pay equity; reforms on labor laws; lobbying approaches; negotiating skills; and benefits costing. The Confederation also lobbies and advocates on behalf of Ontario University staff to the public and government. It also offers a platform that enable member groups to collaborate on a short term basis (COUSA, 2011, p.3). Legal issues and obstacles faci ng COUSA There are a number of legislative reforms in Canada that are likely to impact on the way COUSA runs its affairs. For example, in 2004, the parliament enacted Labor Relations Bill 144 that altered a number of labor relations laws in Canada. COUSA has several trade unions that are registered under the Ontario Labor Relations Act.Advertising Looking for essay on labor law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As a result, the introduction of Labor Relations Bill 144 is bound to have an effect on the activities of the trade unions under COUSA. In addition, the new regulation will have a negative impact on academic workers hired on a part-time basis by the Ontario University. For example, the Bill requires unionized organizations to submit the income disclosure requirements. This is one of the new changes introduced by the law and contradicts the public view about the objectivity of labor law (Slinn, 2003, p.367). The effectiveness of COUSA is also constrained by lack of a strong financial base. Labor unions are denied financial aid from the government under the new law. COUSA does not have enough financial resources to mange cases related to violation of the Labor Act. A swift decree is the only viable cure to the adverse effects of the Act on the union. Also, lack of ample financial resources has limited the ability of COUSA member unions to access reconciliation services. This has severely limited the ability of the COUSA to bargain on behalf of its member unions (Slinn, 2003, p.369). Bargaining process COUSA has a number of elected representatives that bargain on behalf of its members. For example, the COUSA Salaries and Benefits Committee is mandated to negotiate on behalf of staff at Ontario University on matters related to compensation (David Stiff, 2007, p.1). The Confederation also supports a number of legislative changes that enhance working conditions and seek minimum wages for its m ember unions (Fanelli Meades, 2011, p.12). For instance, COUSA supports the restoration of several key powers that were formerly granted to Ontario Labour Relations Board. It has been noted that many employers engage in unjust labor practices to prevent their staff from exercising their democratic rights with respect to certification process. It is thus vital that OLRB is granted authority to certify all unions (Slinn, 2003, p.370).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Confederation of Ontario University Staff Associations and Union specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More COUSA also supports the resolution to re-empower OLRB to endorse a trade union in cases where the employer has engaged in unjust labor practices. It is worth to note that the OLRA was previously an influential body that deterred employers from violating the Labor Relations Act. Thus COUSA supports reforms proposed by the Ontario Federation of Labor regard ing labor laws in the interest of simplicity and certainty. COUSA is convinced that the card based system used for certification is the suitable way for selecting union officials. When the card based system was abolished in 1995, the Conservatives stated that compulsory votes were democratic and thus fair. However, COUSA pointed out that compulsory voting disregarded the genuine resultant power disparity between employers and workers. The main reason for this transformation was to make it difficult for the unions to receive certification and also to reduce the speed at which unions could put in order their new bargaining units. Studies show that this move was successful since there was a significant reduction in the rate of certification of unions in 1993 after the endorsement of Bill 7. Thus COUSA has employed a number of bargaining strategies such as information leverage, offers and concessions; and long-term tactical thinking to gain an upper hand when bargaining on behalf of its members (Trotman, 2011, p.4). References COUSA. (2011). Confederation of Ontario University Staff Associations and Union. Retrieved from cpwo.ca/about-us.php David, S., Stiff, B. (2007). Queen University Staff Association. Ontario: Betty Pollard. Fanelli, C., Meades, J. (2011). The Case of Carleton’s Capitalist University. Retrieved from https://socialistproject.ca/2011/01/b450/Advertising Looking for essay on labor law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Slinn, S. (2003). The Effect of Compulsory Certification Votes on Certification Applications in Ontario. Canadian Labor and Employment Law Journal, 10, 367- 397. Trotman, V. (2011). Building Union-Management Partnerships. Toronto: Federated Press.

Race Relations and the Olympic Games

Race Relations and the Olympic Games Given that competitors from across the globe compete in the Olympic Games, it’s no surprise that racial tensions will flare on occasion. Athletes in the 2012 Olympic Games in London sparked controversy by making racial jabs about people of color online. Fans set off scandals as well by taking to Twitter to lob xenophobic insults at players from rival countries. And the International Olympic Committee itself was accused of anti-Semitism for not honoring the Israeli athletes killed by terrorists at the 1972 Olympic Games with a moment of silence during opening ceremonies 40 years later. This roundup of racial controversies linked to the 2012 Olympics reveals the state of global race relations and how much progress the world needs to make in order for all people- athletes and otherwise- to be considered equals. No Moment of Silence for Victims of Munich Massacre During the 1972 Olympic Games in Munich, a Palestinian terrorist group called Black September killed 11 Israeli competitors after taking them hostage. The survivors of those killed asked the International Olympic Committee to have a moment of silence for the slain athletes during the opening ceremonies of the 2012 Olympic Games to commemorate the 40th anniversary of the Munich Massacre. The IOC refused, leading the family members of the victims to accuse Olympic officials of anti-Semitism. Ankie Spitzer, the wife of the late fencing coach Andre Spitzer, remarked, â€Å"Shame on the IOC because you have forsaken the 11 members of your Olympic family. You are discriminating against them because they are Israelis and Jews,† she said. Ilana Romano, widow of weightlifter Yossef Romano, agreed. She said that IOC president Jacques Rogge told her during a meeting that it was difficult to answer whether or not the IOC would have approved a moment of silence for the murdered athletes had they not been Israelis. â€Å"One could feel the discrimination in the air,† she said. European Athletes Make Racist Remarks on Twitter Before Greek triple jump athlete Paraskevi â€Å"Voula† Papahristou even had a chance to compete in the Olympics, she was kicked off her country’s team. Why? Papahristou sent out a tweet disparaging Africans in Greece. On July 22, she wrote in Greek, â€Å"With so many Africans in Greece, at least the mosquitoes of West Nile will eat homemade food.† Her message was re-tweeted more than 100 times and the 23-year-old quickly faced an angry backlash. After the scandal she apologized, â€Å"I would like to express my heartfelt apologies for the unfortunate and tasteless joke I published on my personal Twitter account,† she said. â€Å"I am very sorry and ashamed for the negative responses I triggered, since I never wanted to offend anyone, or to encroach human rights.† Papahristou wasn’t the only Olympic athlete penalized for being racially insensitive on Twitter. Soccer player Michel Morganella was booted off the Swiss team after he referred to South Koreans as a â€Å"bunch of Mongoloids† on the social networking site. He made the race-based jab after South Korea beat the Swiss team in soccer on July 29. Gian Gilli, head of the Swiss Olympic delegation, explained in a statement that Morganella was removed from the team for having â€Å"said something insulting and discriminatory† about his South Korean rivals. â€Å"We condemn these remarks,† Gilli stated. Was Monkey Gymnast Commercial a Swipe at Gabby Douglas? After 16-year-old Gabby Douglas became the first black gymnast to win the gold medal for the women’s all-around in the sport, NBC sportscaster Bob Costas remarked, â€Å"There are some African-American girls out there who tonight are saying to themselves: ‘Hey, I’d like to try that too.’† Shortly after Douglas’ image appeared during Costas’ commentary on NBC, the network that broadcast the Olympics in the U.S., a commercial for new sitcom â€Å"Animal Practice† featuring a monkey gymnast aired. Many viewers felt that the monkey gymnast was somehow a racial jab at Douglas, since she’s black and racists historically likened African Americans to monkeys and apes. The network apologized in light of a torrent of negative feedback from viewers. It said the commercial was simply a case of bad timing and that the â€Å"Animal Practice† advertisement didn’t aim to offend anyone. For the fourth time in a row, the U.S. women’s soccer team took home the gold medal. They surged to the top during the London Olympics by defeating the Japanese women’s soccer team. After their 2-1 victory, fans took to Twitter not simply to rejoice but also to make racially tinged remarks about the Japanese. â€Å"This ones for Pearl Harbor you Japs,† wrote one tweeter. Many others tweeted similar comments. Discussing the controversy, Brian Floyd of the website SB Nation begged such tweeters to stop posting racially insensitive comments. â€Å"That wasn’t for Pearl Harbor,† he wrote. â€Å"It was a†¦soccer game. Please, for the love of everything, stop doing this, guys. It doesn’t reflect well on any of us. Stop being awful.† â€Å"Exotic Beauty† Lolo Jones Dominates Track and Field Media Coverage Sprinter Lolo Jones wasn’t the top track and field star to represent the United States during the Olympic Games, prompting fellow American runners as well as New York Times writer Jere Longman to point out that Jones garnered a disproportionate amount of media coverage. Why was Jones reported on more than American runners such as Dawn Harper and Kellie Wells? Those women came in at second and third place, respectively, in the women’s 100 meter hurdle, while Jones came in fourth. Longman of the Times says that the biracial Jones has capitalized on her â€Å"exotic beauty† to compensate for her shortcomings as an athlete. Danielle Belton of Clutch magazine said that members of the mostly white and male news media gravitate toward Jones because, â€Å"What is of interest [to] them is a pretty girl, preferably white or as close as you can get to it, who can also do ‘sports.’† Colorism, Belton said, is why the media largely overlooked darker-skinne d runners Harper and Wells to cover Jones.

History and Timeline of the Battery

History and Timeline of the Battery A battery, which is actually an electric cell, is a device that produces electricity from a chemical reaction. In a one cell battery, you would find a negative electrode; an electrolyte, which conducts ions; a separator, also an ion conductor; and a positive electrode. Timeline of Battery History 1748- Benjamin Franklin first coined the term battery to describe an array of charged glass plates.1780 to 1786- Luigi Galvani demonstrated what we now understand to be the electrical basis of nerve impulses and provided the cornerstone of research for later inventors like Volta to create batteries.1800 Voltaic Pile- Alessandro Volta invented the Voltaic Pile and discovered the first practical method of generating electricity. Constructed of alternating discs of zinc and copper with pieces of cardboard soaked in brine between the metals, the Voltaic Pile produced electrical current. The metallic conducting arc was used to carry the electricity over a greater distance. Alessandro Voltas voltaic pile was the first wet cell battery that produced a reliable, steady current of electricity.1836 Daniell Cell- The Voltaic Pile could not deliver an electrical current for a long period of time. Englishman, John F. Daniell invented the Daniell Cell that used two electrolytes: copper sulfate and zinc sulfate. The Daniel Cell lasted longer than the Volta cell or pile. This battery, which produced about 1.1 volts, was used to power objects such as telegraphs, telephones, and doorbells, remained popular in homes for over 100 years. 1839 Fuel Cell- William Robert Grove developed the first fuel cell, which produced electrical by combining hydrogen and oxygen.1839 to 1842- Inventors created improvements to batteries that used liquid electrodes to produce electricity. Bunsen (1842) and Grove (1839) invented the most successful.1859 Rechargeable- French inventor, Gaston Plante developed the first practical storage lead-acid battery that could be recharged (secondary battery). This type of battery is primarily used in cars today.1866 Leclanche Carbon-Zinc Cell- French engineer, Georges Leclanche patented the carbon-zinc wet cell battery called the Leclanche cell. According to The History of Batteries: George Leclanches original cell was assembled in a porous pot. The positive electrode consisted of crushed manganese dioxide with a little carbon mixed in. The negative pole was a zinc rod. The cathode was packed into the pot, and a carbon rod was inserted to act as a current collector. The anode or zinc rod and the pot were then immersed in an ammonium chloride solution. The liquid acted as the electrolyte, readily seeping through the porous cup and making contact with the cathode material. The liquid acted as the electrolyte, readily seeping through the porous cup and making contact with the cathode material. Georges Leclanche then further improved his design by substituting the ammonium chloride paste for liquid electrolyte and invented a method of sealing the battery, inventing the first dry cell, an improved design that was now transportable. 1881- J.A. Thiebaut patented the first battery with both the negative electrode and porous pot placed in a zinc cup.1881- Carl Gassner invented the first commercially successful dry cell battery (zinc-carbon cell).1899- Waldmar Jungner invented the first nickel-cadmium rechargeable battery.1901 Alkaline Storage- Thomas Alva Edison invented the alkaline storage battery. Thomas Edisons alkaline cell had iron as the anode material (-) and nickelic oxide as the cathode material ().1949 Alkaline-Manganese Battery- Lew Urry developed the small alkaline battery in 1949. The inventor was working for the Eveready Battery Co. at their research laboratory in Parma, Ohio. Alkaline batteries last five to eight times as long as zinc-carbon cells, their predecessors.1954 Solar Cells- Gerald Pearson, Calvin Fuller, and Daryl Chapin invented the first solar battery. A solar battery converts the suns energy into electricity. In 1954, Gerald Pearson, Calvin Fuller, and Daryl Chapin invented the first s olar battery. The inventors created an array of several strips of silicon (each about the size of a razor blade), placed them in sunlight, captured the free electrons and turned them into ​​electrical current. Bell Laboratories in New York announced the prototype manufacture of a new solar battery. Bell had funded the research. The first public service trial of the Bell Solar Battery began with a telephone carrier system (Americus, Georgia) on October 4, 1955. 1964- Duracell was incorporated.

CSR Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

CSR - Essay Example The recent years have witnessed mounting pressures from various stakeholder groups for corporations to incorporate sustainability into their supply chain management procedures. Sustainable or green supply chain management can be roughly defined as the management of all activities right from the purchase from suppliers to taking back the disposed product from the customers with a special focus on improving the social and environmental impacts of those activities (Business Guide, 2003). This can be contrasted with the conventional supply chain management focused only on the activities until delivery of manufactured products or services to the customers. Therefore, the environmental responsibility has drifted away from the consumer to the manufacturer and retailer (Business Guide, 2003). However, research has suggested that companies require not only the internal capacities, resources and corporate culture to achieve sustainability but also an ‘external fit’ to achieve stra tegic collaboration with their suppliers (Kanter, 1994) which presents a challenge to companies embracing this philosophy. Furthermore, the grey area surrounding the definition of ‘sustainability’ and ‘green supply chain’ means that sustainable SCM has to be discussed in terms of reverse logistics, closed loop supply chain and various other drivers. There are several drivers for a sustainable supply chain management primarily because of the related benefits to various stakeholders. These include government Regulations, Market forces, Customers, Investors and Employees. The government owns the primary responsibility to influence supply chain sustainability. Government can achieve progress on this by effective use of bans, subsidies and incentives. The government can come up with measures such as environmental labels, licenses and product design guidelines (Business Guide, pp. 42). There are already a number of regulations in place for sustainability. These i nclude U.S. Farm security and rural investment act (2002), European Union’s Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS), China ROHS, E.U. Cosmetics directive, E.U. Packaging Directive, Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) and REACH. In addition there are International Standards such as WRAP, FLA, ICTI CARE, ISO 14000 and ISO 26000 for addressing environmental causes (Business for Social Responsibility, 2007). As far as the market forces are concerned, the relationship between brand owners and retailers is changing. Big retailers such as Wal-Mart have a huge clout over the manufacturers and control the types of products they want to keep on their shelves. In addition, the retailers and brand owners are also under tremendous pressure from NGOs and other organizations working for environmental causes. As far as the customers are concerned, there is a long way to go before the customer becomes mature enough to buy only environment friendly products. However, the shift has already begun and the customers are willing to spend a few extra dollars to promote or support green supply chain initiatives. WholeFoods charges higher prices for its products than a retailer such as Wal-Mart but is still acceptable to customers because of the sustainable practices being followed in the manufacturing of those products. Furthermore, there are several socially

Marriage and Monogamous relationships overall Term Paper

Marriage and Monogamous relationships overall - Term Paper Example 1However, â€Å"two lines of evidence suggest that the neural circuitry for human pair-bonding evolved with the basal radiation of the hominin stock, most likely with the hominin adaptation to the woodland.† The evolution of neural circuitry for hominin monogamy may have been caused by the emergence of facultative bipedalism. This is because bipedal ardipithecine, who had to carry their infants around, needed the provisioning and protection of a mate as they nursed their young ones. At the same time, ardipithecine males experienced a lot of difficulty provisioning and protecting a serial of females. It was easier for a male to provide for and protect a single female and her infant. Difficulties experienced due to optional bipedalism and the expansion of the hominin into the woodland probably pressured ardipithecines over the threshold of monogamy. Social monogamy refers to a situation where the male and female species has a distinct partner of the opposite sex at a time. 2Arth ur states that social monogamy â€Å"does not evolve from a common, single origin but arises independently through different evolutionary pressures and along different pathways in different lineages.† Serial social monogamy may have evolved as a result of a number of characteristics linked to hominin adaptation to the expanding savannah eco-niche. ... Individuals from hunting and gathering societies abandoned their young ones soon after weaning and from this time henceforth they became the responsibility of relatives and older siblings in the group. Therefore, ecological stress on couples in ancestral environments to remain together even after weaning their offspring would have been considerably minimized. 3â€Å"Moreover, ancestral hominins that practiced serial social monogamy, in association with offspring weaning would have created disproportionately more genetic variety in their lineages, an adaptive phenomenon.† According to Wilson, all known cases of monogamy may have evolved as a result of three biasing ecological conditions which are the facts that, 4â€Å"(1) the territory contains such a scarce and valuable resource that two adults are required to defend it against other animals; (2) the physical environment is so difficult that two adults are required to cope with it and (3) early breeding is so advantageous th at the head start allowed by monogamous pairing is decisive.† Majority of bird species are monogamous during the breeding season, monogamy provides greater defense in the search for territories with efficient food sources and scarce nest sites. Monogamy also acts as a tool for beating challenges presented by the physical environment. Due to the importance of the timing of breeding, a decisive edge is provided a mated pair cooperates. The kittiwake gull is a good example of an animal that has an early start in breeding, majority of breeding birds retains their mates form previous seasons. Divisions of Monogamy 5Mathur defines monogamy as â€Å"Prolonged association and essentially exclusive mating relationship between one male and one female at a time.† Monogamy involves the smallest

Media Ethics IssueFinal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Media Ethics IssueFinal - Essay Example In other words, ethics is internally self determined rather that externally enforced. But ethics itself is written down as a guide on the practice of different professions such as journalism, medicine and law. This is done to avoid excesses in the practice of the profession. Law, on the other hand, is itself a set of laid down ethics. The basic difference between law and ethics is, therefore, that one is determined by government legislation while the other is determined by practitioners of journalism, or other trade, themselves. The laws that are of most concern to journalists are definitely defamation and libel. The former differs from the latter in that it is concerned with the spoken word while the other deals primarily with the written. Both laws govern against publication of material or information that is detrimental to the reputation and standing in society of individuals, provided that such published material is either false or cannot be proved beyond reasonable doubt to be true. Where such information is published, the individual mentioned adversely in the publication has a right to sue the journalists concerned, and if successful, is entitled to compensation relative to the extent of damage done as determined by a court of law. Members of the journalism profession are faced with the dilemma of choosing between telling the truth and the imminent danger of being sued legally for libel or defamation. Where there isn't sufficient evidence to support an adverse story, editors may be left with no choice but to stop publicizing of a story. Even the fact that journalism is the only private trade that is explicitly recognized by the constitution in many countries, such as the first amendment in the US constitution, the relationship between the fourth estate and government remains a thorny one. In most cases, individuals who bring up libel cases are public figures involved directly in governance. Matters of public interest such as official misappropriation of public funds and corruption may not see the light of day through the media since there is a difficult choice between the potential damage it can do to the persons mentioned if in the end proved not to be true. Journalists in some cases advocate for objectivity in reporting a story as sufficient ground for exemption from legal proceedings, a view that is seen as self- serving government. All the same, the media holds a privileged status in society since it is the most effective way of checking excesses in government; but is austerely governed by both its internal ethics and the long arm of the law. Most journalists prefer the former to the latter. 2. Advertisers influence media content and the resultant ethical issues. Adverts form a large part of media content, since the media depend on advertisers for their income. It is estimated that more than a third of the content carried by the media is adverts. This puts the media in direct conflict with the government time and again. One ethical issue that brings the government into direct conflict with the media is the impact of advertisement on minors who are still not old enough to make fully informed choices. Such an impact on the formative and highly impressionable minds of children is critically examined. The interest of the advertisers is to influence children to buy products by creating the impression that their lives are incomplete without

Qualitive Critique Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Qualitive Critique - Article Example However, as mentioned above that non probability sampling is more visible in the text, thus is applied the method seems apt for the study. f) Nothing specific about the demographic characteristics have been mentioned, apart from the fact that the profession chosen by respondents is ‘nursing’. No information regarding income, age, gender differentiation as such is provided. i) Yes the potential sampling biases have been identified, segregating the same into different concepts of manifest and latent content. However no exact biasness for selecting particular group of nurses has been mentioned. a) The research clearly defines the kind of data collected from respondents that includes ‘the images of the nursing profession’ and ‘the reasons for choosing nursing as a profession’. The data was collected through respondent’s interaction during classroom session; the respondent himself collected the data at the college level in the classroom. Exact time and date of the data collected is not mentioned though in the study. a) The research lacks a grounded platform as no signs of data collection methods have been indicated. Detailed description of data collection method is not evident from the analysis done, however a slight mention of narrative gathered through respondents is made in the study. b) In this study surely data analysis technique is focused but no details regarding data collection method is cited. The research questions are qualitative in nature, but the testing of the data collection tool, that is whether it is through questionnaire or observation or interview method cannot be defended. c) Certainly a physiological method would have been of great help in this study specifically where narrative strategy is used for data analysis and the author has also attached a self report defining the procedure in which the content analysis was undertaken. d) As such no particular

Discourse Community Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Discourse Community - Essay Example Thus, a discourse community, in other words, can be termed as a group of individuals or rather people who talk the same language that can only be understood by the members of the community. There are various discourse communities in the societies. In sports, the communities range from football, basketball, hockey, tennis, rugby and volleyball among other. I belong to various discourse communities. They include my tennis team, my writing class and my farming community. All these discourse communities are significant to the lives of its member since they so big that they brings together people from all walks of life; whether poor, rich, young or old and even from diverse races. All these people from different social classes understand every bit of conversation inside the community. My writing skills have been built by the lessons I attend in the writing class. To me, this class really qualifies to be a discourse community since the members of this class share common interests, goals an d objectives. Thus, everything that occurs during this academic course occurs with a sole aim of improving the students’ writing skills. This academic course has enabled me to perfect my writing skills that can be applied in other academic courses. My writing skills have been improved through a series of group writing practice and individual writing practice as I follow the writing rules that are always presented to us in this class. Every member of this community always adheres to the set rules and policies in order to achieve or rather attain the projected obligation. Across the globe, there are millions of individuals who belong to this discourse community whereby similar rules apply. Therefore, applying the writing rules that have been contributed by various scholars across the globe and from different writing communities have greatly improved my skills because I have gained from diverse sources of information. Tennis, as a discourse community where I belong, the tennis l anguage is used in communication. I always use the tennis language whenever in the company of teammates or rather the people who understand or have knowledge about the tennis game. There are a number of words that can only be used in the tennis language. Therefore, people who are not familiar with the language cannot understand. Moreover, there are various terminologies which are used in the world of tennis which may mean other things in the normal world contexts. For instance, an individual who is outside the tennis discourse community might misinterpret an idea or a word when he or she tries to mean another thing. Thus, an individual who do not belong in the tennis discourse community will probably not understand the conversation of the community members even if he or she is taking part in the conversation. In order to understand that the tennis team is a discourse community, I had to take attend daily training and practice so as to make myself vast with the language, cultures, ru les and the entire routine or programs of the community. For an individual to join the tennis discourse community, he or she cannot just show up to the daily practice and become a member. Instead, he or she has to undergo a serious test or rather an interview so as to be accepted in the community. The test of new recruits comprise of various

Strategic Hospitality Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Strategic Hospitality Management - Essay Example Planning, leading, directing, supervising and regulating of activities related to the strategy are essential parts of strategic management process. Planning is the most important phenomenon in strategic management that maintains the foremost significance in respect of presenting the outline of the strategy. Hence, selection of corporate scheme, establishment of goals and objectives, identification of strategic options, planning and allocation of resources, organizational structure and design, managing structure change, and in-depth analyses of corporate environment are included in strategic management process. Both external and internal analyses play imperative part in strategic management process. Internal influences include strengths and weakness of a firm, while external influences include opportunities a corporate firm enjoys as well as the threats and challenges it undergoes from its competitors during the exercise of its strategic scheme. Every organization, whether large or small, or local or international, devises strategy keeping in view the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. For instance, the unabated popularity, wide range of consumers, universality and unique brand serve as the strength of the Coca-Cola Company (TCCC). Similarly, Red Hat’s work force, innovative ideas and extraordinary technical skills include among its strengths. On the other hand, health damages, high price and banishment of tobacco consumption include the weaknesses of international brand Marlboro. In the same way, fulfillment of the demands of wide range of consumer in all parts of th e world along with unique products, swift changes according to the latest challenges and production of new technological equipments are the opportunities before world famous brand Microsoft Corporation. In addition, ban of the products of Danish commodities in Muslim countries are the threats faced by the north European countries while entering the global markets. It is therefore

Discourse Community Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Discourse Community - Essay Example Thus, a discourse community, in other words, can be termed as a group of individuals or rather people who talk the same language that can only be understood by the members of the community. There are various discourse communities in the societies. In sports, the communities range from football, basketball, hockey, tennis, rugby and volleyball among other. I belong to various discourse communities. They include my tennis team, my writing class and my farming community. All these discourse communities are significant to the lives of its member since they so big that they brings together people from all walks of life; whether poor, rich, young or old and even from diverse races. All these people from different social classes understand every bit of conversation inside the community. My writing skills have been built by the lessons I attend in the writing class. To me, this class really qualifies to be a discourse community since the members of this class share common interests, goals an d objectives. Thus, everything that occurs during this academic course occurs with a sole aim of improving the students’ writing skills. This academic course has enabled me to perfect my writing skills that can be applied in other academic courses. My writing skills have been improved through a series of group writing practice and individual writing practice as I follow the writing rules that are always presented to us in this class. Every member of this community always adheres to the set rules and policies in order to achieve or rather attain the projected obligation. Across the globe, there are millions of individuals who belong to this discourse community whereby similar rules apply. Therefore, applying the writing rules that have been contributed by various scholars across the globe and from different writing communities have greatly improved my skills because I have gained from diverse sources of information. Tennis, as a discourse community where I belong, the tennis l anguage is used in communication. I always use the tennis language whenever in the company of teammates or rather the people who understand or have knowledge about the tennis game. There are a number of words that can only be used in the tennis language. Therefore, people who are not familiar with the language cannot understand. Moreover, there are various terminologies which are used in the world of tennis which may mean other things in the normal world contexts. For instance, an individual who is outside the tennis discourse community might misinterpret an idea or a word when he or she tries to mean another thing. Thus, an individual who do not belong in the tennis discourse community will probably not understand the conversation of the community members even if he or she is taking part in the conversation. In order to understand that the tennis team is a discourse community, I had to take attend daily training and practice so as to make myself vast with the language, cultures, ru les and the entire routine or programs of the community. For an individual to join the tennis discourse community, he or she cannot just show up to the daily practice and become a member. Instead, he or she has to undergo a serious test or rather an interview so as to be accepted in the community. The test of new recruits comprise of various

Extreme Ice Essay Example for Free

Extreme Ice Essay In this documentary film, â€Å"Extreme Ice,† produced by PBS TV, 2009, James and scientists shows how glacier ice is melting. James Balog, a photographer, wanted to document and help scientists to understand mountain monumental changes. So he surveyed the ice and went to the places such as Alaska, Green land, etc. The project team which called â€Å"Extreme ice† discovered that there were very serious problems. The sun was the most reason of ice melting. But now, such as Industrial revolution and fossil fuels output green house gases alter the planet. For example, Columbia bay where is the fastest melting ice in the world, the ice is going to be collapsed faster than before. Scientists eventually discover about the mystery of the fast-melting ice at Columbia Bay. They announced that high temperature create more water and the water is melting ice because high pressure water cracked ice open and collapse. So Dr. Tad Pfeffer who is the one of the researchers suspected that if mountain glaciers are continuous melting, then people like living in Asia could not drink water. Frozen ice core record also support the reason. They have periodical ice in National Ice Core Lab in Colorado and it can distinguish between bubbles and pack of air. Late 1990s, Greenland is the hardest so far. But when they visited there, they figured out so many water drained out and it goes booming ice. Approximately 100million people will see to exist the melting ice on coastal countries such as Florida, Bangladesh, and Vietnam. Thats because the film Extreme Ice might mean quickly disappearing the ice and land increasingly.

Wayne Mcgregors Career As A Choreographer Drama Essay

Wayne Mcgregors Career As A Choreographer Drama Essay Wayne McGregors career as a choreographer has been experimental and Innovative. This essay is an overview of his career so far as a choreographer, looking mainly at his work as Artistic director of Random Dance, Resident Choreographer of the Royal Ballet and his interests in Technology and Science. The essay begins with a brief biography of McGregors career and goes on to show his collaborations and choreographic works and finally analyzes what makes him unique as a choreographer. Wayne McGregor was born in the year 1970 in Stockport, England. He studied dance at Bretton Hall College which was at The University of Leeds and he then went on to study at the Josà © Limon School in New York. In the year 1992 McGregor was appointed choreographer in residence at The Place, London and in that same year he founded his own dance company known as Wayne McGregor | Random Dance which was invited to become the resident company at Sadlers Wells Theatre in London in the Year 2002. In 2004 Wayne McGregor was appointed Artist-in-Residence at the University of Cambridge at the Department of Experimental Psychology. (www.randomdance.com) In the year 2006, Wayne McGregor was appointed as the Resident Choreographer of the Royal Ballet. This was a great achievement as he was the first Modern Dance choreographer with no ballet training to be given this role at the Company. In 2009 McGregor premiered his production of the Opera, Dido and Aeneas at the Royal Opera House, London, this was his Opera debut. His newest choreographic works are Outlier, which was premiered this year by the New York City Ballet on May 14th and Yantra, premiered by Stuttgart Ballet on the 7th of July this year. (www.randomdance.com) Wayne McGregors company Random Dance premiered Xeno 1 2 3 at The Place, London in January of the year 1993, this was their debut as a company. Throughout the 1990s Wayne McGregor and Random Dance continued to develop the company with choreographic works such as AnArkos 1995, 8 legs of the Devil 1996, The Millennarium 1997 and Sulphur 16 1998. Wayne McGregors interest in technology developed and his choreographic works from the year 2000 onwards really reflected this with performances such as Aeon 2000, digit01 2001, PreSentient 2002, Polar Sequences 2003 and Qualia 2004. (www.randomdance.com) Wayne McGregor has a great interest in science which greatly influenced his choreography in 2004. During his time at the University of Cambridge where he had a fellowship for six months at their Department of Experimental Psychology, he started to research a condition called Ataxia. . (www.randomdance.com) The word ataxia means without coordination. People with ataxia have problems with coordination because parts of the nervous system that control movement and balance are affected. Ataxia may affect the fingers, hands, arms, legs, body, speech, and eye movements. The word ataxia is often used to describe a symptom of incoordination which can be associated with infections, injuries, other diseases, or degenerative changes in the central nervous system. (www.ataxia.org) At the Department of Experimental Psychology, McGregor worked with scientists who had interests in areas such as object recognition and spatial processing, movement analyses, cognitive dimensions of notation, and relationships between representation and self. ( Kupper, 2007, p.178) After his research Wayne McGregor choreographed Ataxia, the performance was designed with the help of his experiences with neuroscientists; his company of professionally trained dancers, along with the help of a person experiencing an ataxic movement disorder, her name was Sarah Seddon Jenner. ( Kupper, 2007, p.178) McGregor uses lighting effects to add to the choreography and bring it to life as he does in many of his choreographic pieces. In a review of Ataxia for The Guardian, Judith Mackrell says In Wayne McGregors latest work there is a moment, in the middle, when the stage seems to dissolve into an electric brain storm. Pulsing currents of brightly coloured light stream in disorienting patterns around the space. The music judders and strains as if several clashing scores were being played at the same time. (Mackrell, 2004) In 2005 McGregor continued to use science as a tool of exploration for his choreography for the piece Amu. He worked with heart imaging specialists for this piece, along with artistic collaborators. They wished to question both physical functions and symbolic resonances of the human heart. (www.randomdance.org) In a review of Amu in The Sunday Times, Debra Craine says If you thought about it too much it could haunt you. Each minute of every day, through a complex web of arteries, your heart is pumping the bodys lifeblood. Its a fact of nature that we take for granted but its something that the choreographer Wayne McGregor and the composer John Tavener want us to think about. Their fascinating new collaboration Amu (Arabic for of the heart) is all about the organ, seeing it through McGregors embrace of science and Taveners famous spiritualism. (Craine, 2005) McGregors concepts for choreography include technology as well as science, a good example of this would be Entity which was premiered by Wayne McGregor | Random Dance at Sadlers Wells Theatre in London on April 10th 2008. Entity incorporated technology, with the use of a soundscape which was an hour long, created by Jon Hopkins and Joby Talbot. It incorporated the use of video; the video design was created by Ravi Deepres. (www.randomdance.org) The choreography was initiated from McGregors Choreography and Cognition research project which is a collaboration with scientists of Neurology and Psychology. (www.randomdance.org) The choreography was described by Gia Kourlas of the New York Times when he said, Wayne McGregors Entity begins and ends with a video of a greyhound seeming to run in place. The reference is significant: as entities, these slim animals are at once refined and fidgety, highly flexible and, of course, able to devour space at great speed. For Mr. McGregor, those are key physical ingredients that his dancers, also entities, must possess to have a solid grasp of his movement. In this world of glossy distortion, there isnt a place for hazy shapes. (Kourlas, 2010) After the success of his choreography for Chroma performed The Royal Ballet in 2006, Wayne McGregor was given the job as Resident Choreographer of the Royal Ballet. In 2008 audiences saw another great choreographic piece by McGregor which showed his innovative use of technology and lighting to make his choreography unique, this performance was called Infra and premiered at The Royal Opera House, London March 13th 2008. (www.randomdance.org) McGregor collaborated with many people while developing and choreographing Infra. Wayne worked with Monica Mason, Artistic Director of the Royal Ballet. He commissioned a British artist called Julian Opie to collaborate with him and create a visual set to add to the piece. For the music Wayne collaborated with cult composer Max Richter to create a unique soundscape to accompany the choreography. The choreologist for Infra was Darren Parish who recorded Waynes choreography in rehearsals with the use of Bensch Notatation. (BBC Documentary) The producer was Will Harding, the lighting designer that worked closely with Wayne McGregor was Lucy Carter and the costume designer was Moritz Junge. The artist Julian Opie that worked on the set design had never designed for the theatre before. Opie had created screen lights, which showed the silhouettes of a male stick figure and a female stick figure in light, these are in Dublin on OConnells Street. While researching for his set design for Infra Opie observed people walking along the streets and how they moved like choreography. (BBC Documentary) The music created by Max Richter was created on a synthesiser and Waynes choreography was created before the music as this is the way McGregor worked on this particular choreography. The performance was twenty five minutes long and cast included twelve dancers plus a cast of fifty extras that were included in the choreography. The process of creating Infra from the very beginning to the premier performance on opening night was filmed by the BBC for a documentary. The documentary gave great publicity for Wayne McGregor and Infra and he won South Bank Show award for Infra in 2009. . (BBC Documentary) (www.randomdance.org) In an interview by Sarah Crompton for The Telegraph, Wayne McGregor talks to her about the process of his collaboration for Infra with Julian Opie, McGregor explains: We both feel that the body can never really be abstract but he feels that there is a difference between a functional action he jumps up to demonstrate raising an arm, tying a shoe and a pose. A pose for him is something that cant be connected to meaning in a really exact way and I found that really interesting. So what we have done is worked with this absolute physicality and, at the other end, a kind of language which is oppositional to that. (McGregor Wayne, citied in Crompton 2008) In a review of Infra by Debra Craine for The Times, she gives her opinion on what strikes her about the performance, she says: The first thing that strikes you about Infra is Julian Opies set. His evocative figures, drawn in outline on a giant LED screen, move back and forth high across the stage, like busy London commuters. Underneath are the live dancers, the inner manifestation of the outer world above. Their memories, fears, dreams and desires are being lived out in the intimacy of their own heads. McGregors movement may still be a full-body workout (undulating torsos, limbs constantly in motion, muscles yearning to exceed their limits) but it speaks as strongly of compassion and anger, of happiness and anxiety, tenderness and tears. (Craine, 2008) Wayne McGregors appointment as resident choreographer for The Royal Ballet, was a great achievement, he continues creating choreographic pieces for his company Random Dance, while choreographing for The Royal Ballet. But does he work in a different way with the dancers in his company than he does with the Royal Ballet. During the rehearsals for Limen in 2009, Emma Crichton-Miller talked to Wayne McGregor about his creative approach and the development of his new work. She asks him: Do you work in a different way with your own company Wayne McGregor | Random Dance than you do with The Royal Ballet? To which Wayne Explains: In every new piece I create the process is different as the individuals in the studio (whatever the company) have their own direct effect on the choreography. That is one of the great motivators of working deeply with both companies; the individuals within them are incredibly inspiring. Equally, there are differences in the circumstances of making. At Random I have the dancers all day for many weeks at a time, exclusively. Their priority is dancing only my work and our collaborative journey together reflects this singular commitment. At The Royal Ballet I cant have the dancers exclusively, and theyre doing lots of other repertory simultaneously, so the demands they place on their bodies in a day are different and how I use their precious time is tempered accordingly. Both circumstances, each with their own innate challenges, nurture me in distinctive but highly complementary ways.

Sending Your Child to a Day Care Center Essays -- Essays Papers

Sending Your Child to a Day Care Center Abstract Sending your child to day care is a tough decision to make. Parents most look into various ideas when picking a day care center. They also must think about what is best for their child’s development whether it be social, physical or cognitive. There are various pros and cons to sending your child to day care and decide if it is right for your child and family. â€Å"As they stepped into Ms. Couchon's office, the mother, a nurse, burst into tears. Her husband, a software engineer, had just lost his job,† she explained, leaving the family strapped. â€Å"I gave her a hug and let her cry,† Ms. Couchon says. She also refused the mother's request to drop her two preschoolers from the center's roster, telling her she would cut their tuition until her husband got a new job.† (Shellenbarger, 2000). Parents want to send their children to daycare even though it costs them a great deal of money. It is hard to tell if parents should send their children because of how expensive it is. Parents are even becoming stressed that the child day care centers are taking care of the parents as well as the children. There are many things to consider when deciding if you are going to send your child to day care or not. As shown in the situation above, there is a great deal of stress and money that comes along with sending your child to daycare. At Needham Heights KinderCare, in Massachusetts, where Ms. Couchon is the director, parents walk in to soothing classical music in the reception area. They are even encouraged to take a few minutes to relax, knowing how stressed they are. There are phone calls that are made during her lunch hour for paren... ...local variation. Children & Society, 15(3) pp170-181. Retreived March 27, 2004 from Acedemic Search Premier. Sethi, A. (n.d.). The Daycare Dilemma. Retrieved May 6, 2004, from http://www.parenting.com/parenting /article/0,19451,9367,00.html Shellenbarger, S. (Apr 9, 2000). Now, Day-Care Centers Have Started Helping Stressed Parents, Too. The Wall Street Journal, pp B1. Retrieved March 27, 2004 from http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.882004&resdat=xri:pqd&rft_valfmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&genre=article&rft_dat=xri:pqd:did=000000052730101&svc_dat=xri:pqil:fmt=text&req_dat=xri:pqil:pq_clntid=41150 Yan, W. & Lin, Q. (2004, February 24). The effect of Kindergarten program types and class size on early academic performance. Education Policy Analysis Archives, 12(7). Retrieved March 26, 2004 from http://epaa.asu.edu/epaa/v12n7/.

George Orwells Nineteen Eighty-Four 1984 :: Free Essays on 1984

The novel Nineteen Eighty-Four by George Orwell is an American classic which explores the human mind when it comes to power, corruption, control, and the ultimate utopian society. Orwell indirectly proposes that power given to the government will ultimately become corrupt and they will attempt to force all to conform to their one set standard. He also sets forth the idea that the corrupted government will attempt to destroy any and all mental and physical opposition to their beliefs, thus eliminating any opportunity for achieving an utopian society. The novel shows how the government attempts to control the minds and bodies of it citizens, such as Winston Smith who does not subscribe to their beliefs, through a variety of methods. The first obvious example arises with the large posters with the caption of "Big Brother is Watching You" (page 5). These are the first pieces of evidence that the government is watching over its people. Shortly afterwards we learn of the "Thought Police", who "snoop in on conversations, always watching your every move, controlling the minds and thoughts of the people." (page 6). To the corrupted government, physical control is not good enough, however. The only way to completely eliminate physical opposition is to first eliminate any mental opposition. The government is trying to control our minds, as it says "thought crime does not entail death; thought crime is death." (page 27). Later in the novel the government tries even more drastic methods of control . Big Brother’s predictions in the Times are changed. The government is lying about production figures (pages 35-37). Even later in the novel, Syme’s name was left out on the Chess Committee list. He then essentially vanishes as though he had never truly existed (page 122). Though the methods and activities of the government seem rather extreme in Orwell’s novel, they may not be entirely too false. "Nineteen Eighty-Four is to the disorders of the twentieth century what Leviathan was to those of the seventeenth." (Crick, 1980). In the novel, Winston Smith talks about the people not being human. He says that "the only thing that can keep you human is to not allow the government to get inside you." (page 137). The corruption is not the only issue which Orwell presents, both directly and indirectly. He warns that absolute power in the hands of any government can lead to the deprival of basic freedoms and liberties for the people.

Theories of Corporate Personality

Theories of Corporate Personality MANAS AGARWAL 5th Semester BA LL. B (B) School of Law Christ University Bangalore INDEX * Research Methodology * Introduction * The Common Law Perspectives * Fiction Theory * Concession Theory * The Purpose Theory * Bracket Theory * Realist Theory * Why Corporations? * Corporate Personality And Limited Liability Cases: * Macaura v. Northern Assurance Co. * Lee v. Lee’s Air Farming * Salomon v. Salomon & Co. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I Manas Agarwal of B. A. LL. B (Hons. ) is really grateful to Ms. Fincy V, without whose help and corporation this project would not have been possible.I am also grateful to the National Law School India University (N. L. S. I. U) Library staff and the Knowledge Centre, Christ University staff, whose cooperation is appreciable. I think this kind of assignments lead to the overall development of the students and I am looking forward to take up such assignments in future. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY †¢ SCOPE AND FOCUS: – This research paper essentially seeks to study and criticise the different theories of corporate personality considering the jurisprudential conflicts. †¢ RESEARCH OBJECTIVES: – The principal objective of our research is to study and criticise the different theories of corporate personality and the concepts under it. * Another objective of our research is to find conflicts between the various theories relying on various judgments. †¢ RESEARCH QUESTIONS: – * What is the difference between various theories of corporate personalities. * The meaning and limits of a corporate personality. †¢ METHOD OF ANALYSIS: – This project has its basis on the following methods of analysis:- DESCRIPTIVE: – The first task is to comprehensively study and critize the jurisprudential theories of corporate personalities.ANALYTICAL: – Further these concepts and observations can be analyzed. The valuable knowledge that is gained from studying the commentaries must be used to understand the evolution of the theories and the law itself in terms of some cases. †¢ MODE OF CITATION :- The researcher(s) has used a uniform mode of citation in this paper. Introduction There is an interesting conflict between philosophic theories as to the nature of corporate personality and the insurgent demand of economic forces for a further recognition of those form of organisation which seem so essential to modern life.The grant of legal personality is clearly within the gift of the state, for it may be refused to natural persons. In the case of natural person, however, it is clear that law grants legal personality to a physical entity existing in space and possessing what (for lack of better term) we describe as human personality. While philosophy may find difficulty in analyzing or describing the real nature of human personality, few of us doubt that we exist, and we compensate for our defective analysis by an intuitive understanding of our own natur e which, however inadequate it may be, at least gives a substratum on which to build.As far as legal personality is concerned, there is no very significant difference between that granted to human beings and that to non-human beings such as groups or other entity. The decision of House of Lords in Salomon v A Salomon & Co. Ltd had a lasting influence in corporation law. It is often credited with the principle of separate legal entity of the corporation distinct from the members. Though there is no doubt that the Salomon case had play a significant role in company law, the decision in this case was hardly the origin of the separate legal entity principle.The legal entity of beings other than the human has long been recognized prior to 1897, in which the Salomon case was decided. The jurisprudence theories on juristic person had been established since the early Roman law to justify the existence of legal person other than the human. The State, religious bodies and education institutio ns had long been recognized as having legal entity distinct from the members. The acceptance of the corporate personality of a company basically means that another non-human entity is recognized to assume a legal entity. This can be seen from the many theories of jurisprudence on corporate personality.Majority of the principal jurisprudence theories on corporate personality contended that the legal entity of the corporation is artificial. The fiction, concession, symbolist and purpose theories supported the contention that existence of corporation as a legal person is not real. It only exists because the law of the state recognized it as legal person and it is recognized either for certain purpose or objectives. The fiction theory, for example, clearly stated that the existence of corporation as a legal person is purely fiction and that the rights attached to it totally depend on how much the law imputes upon it by fiction.The Common Law Perspectives Generally, there are two types o f person which the law recognized, namely the natural and artificial person. The former is confined merely for human beings while the latter is generally referred to any being other than human being which the law recognized as having duties and rights . One of the most recognized artificial persons is the corporation. Legal scholars, particularly the jurists, have always explored the issue on the recognition of corporation as a legal person.In the study of jurisprudence, the separate legal personality of corporation is based upon theories, which are concentrated upon the philosophical explanation of the existence of personality in beings other than human individuals. W. Friedman stated that: â€Å"All law exists for the sake of liberty inherent in each individual; therefore the original concept of personality must coincide with the idea of man. † Even though there are many theories which attempted to explain the nature of corporate personality, none of them is said to be domi nant.It is claimed that while each theory contains elements of truth, none can by itself sufficiently interpret the phenomenon of juristic person. Nonetheless, there are five principal theories, which are used to explain corporate personality, namely, the fiction theory, realist theory, the purpose theory, the bracket theory and the concession theory. Fiction Theory The fiction theory holds that corporations are simply legal fictions, created and sustained by an act of the state. They are endowed with corporate personality simply because this is a convenient form through which the natural persons behind the corporation may conduct their business.According to this theory, the legal personality of entities other than human beings is the result of a fiction. Hence, not being a human being, corporation cannot be a real person and cannot have any personality on its own. Originally, the outward form that corporate bodies are fictitious personality was directed at ecclesiastic bodies. The doctrine was used to explain that the ecclesiastic colleges or universities could not be excommunicated or be guilty of a delict as they have neither a body nor a will. The famous case of Salomon v A Salomon Co Ltd is a proof of the English court adoption of the fiction theory.In this case, Lord Halsbury stated that the important question to decide was whether in truth an artificial creation of the legislature had been validly constituted. It was held that as the company had fulfilled requirements of the Companies Act, the company becomes a person at law, independent and distinct from its members. Despite its instrumental conception of the corporation, the fiction theory still affords a sufficient basis for according corporations legal rights. Indeed, it is on the basis of the fiction that corporations are persons that they possess the legal rights they do, such as private property rights.However the fiction theory affords no basis for the recognition of moral rights of corporations . On the fiction view, â€Å"corporations, as creatures of the State, have only those rights granted them by the State. † The personality the corporation enjoys is not inherent in it but as conceded by the state. Due to the close connection made in this theory as regards to relation of legal personality and the power of the state, fiction theory was claimed to be similar to the theory of sovereignty of state which is also known as the concession theory. Concession TheoryA group of persons wanting to create a corporation will have to execute documents and comply with requirements set by the state before being given corporate personality; merely a privilege; state may provide causes for which the privilege may be withdrawn. It maintains that the law is the only source from which the legal personality may flow. The law lays down certain conditions which creates the legal personality of a corporation. Corporate form is therefore a concession given by the state. The concession the ory is basically linked with the philosophy of the sovereign national state.It is said to be essentially a product of the rise of the national state at a time when there were rivals between religious congregations and organizations of feudal origin for the claim of national state to complete sovereignty. Under the concession theory, the state is considered to be in the same level as the human being and as such, it can confer on or withdraw legal personality from other groups and associations within its jurisdictions as an attribute of its sovereignty. Hence, a juristic person is merely a concession or creation of the state.Concession theory is often regarded as the offspring of the fiction theory as it has similar claim that the corporations within the state have no legal personality except as it is conceded by the state. Exponents of the fiction theory, for example, Savigny, Dicey and Salmond are found to support this theory. Nonetheless, it is that while the fiction theory is ulti mately a philosophical theory that a corporation is merely a name and a thing of the intellect, the concession theory is indifferent as regards to the question of the reality of a corporation in that it focuses on the sources of which the legal power is derived.Dicey took the view that sovereignty is merely a legal conception which indicates the law-making power unrestricted by any legal limits. The Purpose Theory This theory is also known as the theory of Zweckvermogen. Similar to the fiction and concession theories, it declares that only human beings can be a person and have rights. Entities other human is regarded as an artificial person and merely function as a legal device for protecting or giving effect to some real purpose. As corporations are not human, they can merely be regarded as juristic or artificial person.Under this theory, juristic person is no person at all but merely as a â€Å"subject less† property destined for a particular purpose and that there is owner ship but no owner. The juristic person is not constructed round a group of person but based on the object and purpose. The property of the juristic person does not belong to anybody but it may be dedicated and legally bound by certain objects. This theory rationalized the existence of many charitable corporations or organizations, such as trade unions, which have been recognized as legal persons for certain purposes and have continuing fund.It is also closely linked with the legal system which regard the institution of public law and the endowment of private law as legal personalities. Bracket Theory According this theory, a company consisting of its members or shareholders exists and it is inconvenient to refer always to all of them, a bracket is placed around them to which a name is given but in order to understand the real position we must remove the bracket. The real status is given in realist theory. Realist Theory On the realist view, the corporation is more than a legal ficti on, and more than simply an agreement between its shareholders.It is an autonomous institution with a demonstrable extra-legal existence, analogous in some respects to a self-governing state. Like the contract theory, the realist theory recognises that the shareholders of a corporation delegate the powers of control over their property to the corporation's management so that the property can be pooled towards a unified purpose. Unlike under the contract theory, however, the shareholders are seen more as investors in the corporation than owners of it.This is why managers owe fiduciary duties not simply to the shareholders, but to the corporate person as a whole. Of the three theories, only the realist theory seems capable in principle of supporting moral rights for corporations, because only it grants them a real social existence apart from the concession of the state or the agreement of their shareholders. However it seems that the realist theory of corporate personality has fallen out of favour amongst modern academic writers. This may be because it seems to accurately describe only a limited subset of corporations.Many types of corporations which have assumed greater importance since the realist view gained prominence, including holding companies and trustee companies, sit uneasily within the realist framework. Nevertheless it is believed that the realist theory is potentially the most useful of the three set out above, so long as the subset of corporations to which it most accurately applies can be sufficiently delineated. By itself the theory seems incapable of providing any basis for such delineation. If the realist conception of the corporation is to be salvaged at all, its assumptions must be explicated by some other theory.Why Corporations? The above survey of the theories of corporate personality has revealed no complete conception of the corporation which justifies the recognition of moral rights of corporate persons. To some extent, this is hardly s urprising. Corporate personality is a legal concept based on purely commercial considerations: The concept of the juridical person is convenient to the conduct of business by providing for extended â€Å"life† and a limitation on liability, not to mention the right to own property and enter into contracts, which the law reserves to people.But laws might be fashioned to give corporations the same power to own property and sign valid contracts without terming them persons. There is therefore no reason why the types of bodies (if any) which deserve to be endowed with collective rights should coincide with those organisations allotted the status of persons by the law for purely instrumental reasons. For instance, corporations are classified as legal persons, but partnerships are not. Yet there is no obvious reason why the mere act of incorporation by a partnership should endow it with moral rights which it did not possess before.The intuition which many lawyers seem to possess th at corporations do possess rights can be explained as a psychological response to the â€Å"unified normative vocabulary† with which natural and corporate persons are described. That is, the personification of the corporation leads lawyers to indiscriminately apply concepts to it which are rightly applicable only to natural persons. However although this may be a convenient mode of analysis, it is clearly not conceptually consistent for rights to be accorded to bodies corporate (and to no other collectivities) purely because they bear that designation.Nevertheless, that is precisely what propose should be done. The rationale is that the present paper is not simply a normative, but also a descriptive study. It is apparent that corporate persons are already recognised as more appropriate bearers of rights than non-incorporated bodies under Australian law. It is for this reason that they have property and other common law rights which non-incorporated bodies lack. It is likely, therefore, that any extension of the rights recognised of collectivities under our law will employ this existing category.To extend the recognition of rights to non-incorporated bodies would require the recognition of a third type of personhood hitherto unknown to the law. However desirable this may be, it is not a realistic proposal for law reform. Corporate Personality And Limited Liability Corporate personality refers to the fact that as far as the law is concerned a company personality really exists apart and different from its owners. As a result of this, a company can sue and be sued in its own name, hold its own property and crucially – be liable for its own debts.It is this concept that enables limited liability for shareholders to occur as the debts belong to the legal entity of the company and not to the shareholders in that company. Corporate legal personality arose from the activities of organisations such as religious orders and local authorities which were grant ed rights by the government to hold property and sue and be sued in their own right and not to have to rely on the rights of the members behind the organisation. Over time the concept began to be applied to commercial ventures with a public interest element such as rail building ventures and colonial trading businesses.However, modern company law only began in the mid-nineteenth century when a series of Companies Acts were passed which allowed ordinary individuals to form registered companies with limited liability. The way in which corporate personality and limited liability link together is best expressed by examining the key cases:- Salomon v Salomon ; Co. Mr Salomon carried on a business as a leather merchant. In 1892 he formed the company Salomon ; Co. Ltd. Mr Salomon, his wife and five of his children held one share each in the company.The members of the family held the shares for Mr Salomon because the Companies Acts required at that time that there be seven shareholders. Mr Salomon was also the Managing Director of the company. The newly incorporated company purchased the soletrading leather business. The leather business was valued by MrSalomon at ? 39,000. This was not an attempt at a fair valuation; rather it represented Mr Salomon’s confidence in the continued success of the business. The price was paid in ? 0,000 worth of debentures (a debenture is a written acknowledgement of debt like a mortgage – see Chapter 7) giving a charge over all the company’s assets (this means the debt is secured over the company’s assets and Mr Salomon could, if he is not repaid his debt, take the company’s assets and sell them to get his money back), plus ? 20,000 in ? 1 shares and ? 9,000 cash. Mr Salomon also at this point paid off all the sole trading business creditors in full. Mr Salomon thus held 20,001 shares in the company, with his family holding the six remaining shares. He was also, because of the debenture, a secured cred itor.However, things did not go well for the leather business and within a year Mr Salomon had to sell his debenture to save the business. This did not have the desired effect and the company was placed in insolvent liquidation (i. e. it had too little money to pay its debts) and a liquidator was appointed (a court appointed official who sells off the remaining assets and distributes the proceeds to those who are owed money by the company, see Chapter 16). The liquidator alleged that the company was but a sham and a mere ‘alias’ or agent for Mr Salomon and that Mr Salomon was therefore personally liable for the debts of the company.The Court of Appeal agreed, finding that the shareholders had to be a bona fide association who intended to go into business and not just hold shares to comply with the Companies Acts. The House of Lords disagreed and found that- the fact that some of the shareholders are only holding shares as a technicality was irrelevant; the registration procedure could be used by an individual to carry on what was in effect aone-man business a company formed in compliance with the regulations of the Companies Acts is a separate person and not the agent or trustee of its controller.As a result, the debts of the company were its own and not those of the members. The members’ liability was limited to the amount prescribed in the Companies Act – i. e. the amount they invested. The decision also confirmed that the use of debentures instead of shares can further protect investors. Macaura v Northern Assurance Co. Mr Macaura owned an estate and some timber. He agreed to sell all the timber on the estate in return for the entire issued share capital of Irish Canadian Saw Mills Ltd.The timber, which amounted to almost the entire assets of the company, wasthen stored on the estate. On 6 February 1922 Mr Macaura insured the timber in his own name. Two weeks later a fire destroyed allthe timber on the estate. Mr Macaura tried to claim under theinsurance policy. The insurance company refused to pay outarguing that he had no insurable interest in the timber as the timber belonged to the company. Allegations of fraud were also made against Mr Macaura but never proven. Eventually in 1925 theissue arrived before the House of Lords who found that:The timber belonged to the company and not Mr Macaura Mr Macaura, even though he owned all the shares in the company, had no insurable interest in the property of the company just as corporate personality facilitates limited liability by having the debts belong to the corporation and not the members, it also means that the company’s assets belong to it and not to the shareholders. More modern examples of the Salomon principle and the Macaura problem can be seen in cases such as Barings Plc (In Liquidation) v Coopers ; Lybrand (No. 4) [2002] 2 BCLC 364.In that case a loss suffered by a parent company as a result of a loss at its subsidiary (a company in which it he ld all the shares) was not actionable by the parent – the subsidiary was the proper plaintiff. In essence you can’t have it both ways – limited liability has huge advantages for shareholders but it also means that the company is a separate legal entity with its own property, rights and obligations. Lee v Lee’s Air Farming Mr Lee incorporated a company, Lee’s Air Farming Limited, in August 1954 in which he owned all the shares. Mr Lee was also the sole ‘Governing Director’ for life.Thus, as with Mr Salomon, he was in essence a sole trader who now operated through a corporation. Mr Lee was also employed as chief pilot of the company. In March 1956, while Mr Lee was working, the company plane he was flying stalled and crashed. Mr Lee was killed in the crash leaving a widow and four infant children. The company as part of its statutory obligations had been paying an insurance policy to cover claims brought under the Workers’ Compens ation Act. The widow claimed she was entitled to compensation under the Act as the widow of a ‘worker’.The issue went first to the New Zealand Court of Appeal who found that he was not a ‘worker’ within the meaning of the Act and so no compensation was payable. The case was appealed to the Privy Council in London. They found that: the company and Mr Lee were distinct legal entities and therefore capable of entering into legal relations with one another as such they had entered into a contractual relationship for him to be employed as the chief pilot of the company he could in his role of Governing Director give himself order as chief pilot.It was therefore a master and servant relationship and as such he fitted the definition of ‘worker’ under the Act. The widow was therefore entitled to compensation. Separate legal personality and limited liability are not the same thing. Limited liability is the logical consequence of the existence of a separ ate personality. The legal existence of a company (corporation) means it can be responsible for its own debts. The shareholders will lose their initial investment in the company but they will not be responsible for the debts of the company.Just as humans can have restrictions imposed on their legal personality (as in the case of children) a company can have legal personality without limited liability if that is how it is conferred by the statute. CONCLUSION person is not artificial or fictitious but real and natural. The realist also contended that the From the discussion on jurisprudence theories of corporate personality by G. W Paton, it is observed that main arguments lie between the fiction and realist theories.The fiction theory claimed that the entity of corporation as a legal person is merely fictitious and only exist with the intendment of the law. On the other hand, from the realist point of view, the entity of the corporation as a legal law merely has the power to recogniz e a legal entity or refuse to recognize it but the law has no power to create an entity. Referring to the English company law case law, it can be seen that in most cases, the court adopted the fiction theory. Salomon v A Salomon Co Ltd is the most obvious example.It is also observed that fiction theory provide the most acceptable reasoning in justifying the circumstances whereby court lifted the corporate veil of corporation. If the entity of the corporation is real, then the court would not have the right to decide the circumstances where there is separate legal entity of the corporation should be set aside. No human being has the right to decide circumstances whereby the entity of another human being should be set aside. Only law has such privilege.Nonetheless, the realist contention that the corporation obtain its entity as a legal person not because the law granted it to them but because it is generated through its day to day transaction which are later accepted and recognized b y law also seem acceptable. Bibliography * A Text Book of Jurisprudence, 2nd Ed, by G. W. Paton * Corporate personality in the 20th century edited by Ross Grantham * Manupatra. com * Legalservicesindia. com * Westlaw. com ——————————————– [ 1 ]. Cf. A. Kocourek, Jural Relations (2nd ed. ), 57. [ 2 ]. Stokes, M. â€Å"Company Law and Legal Theory† in Twining, W. ed). Legal Theory and the Common Law. Basil Blackwell, Oxford, 1986, 155, 162. [ 3 ]. Salomon v A Salomon & Co Ltd [1897] AC 22 [ 4 ]. First National Bank v Bellotti (1978) 435 US 765 [ 5 ]. Mark, G. Op. cit. 1472. [ 6 ]. cf. Mills v Mills (1938) 60 CLR 150 [ 7 ]. Woytash, J. â€Å"We Must Stop Viewing Corporations as People† (1978) 64 ABAJ 814 [ 8 ]. Dan-Cohen, M. Rights, Persons, and Organizations. University of California Press, Berkeley, 1986, 5. [ 9 ]. Salomon v Salomon & Co. [1897] AC 22 [ 10 ]. Macaura v Northern Assurance Co. [1925] AC 619 [ 11 ]. Lee v Lee’s Air Farming [1961] AC 12