Baptism : Its Meaning and Functions

Baptism By Reshma Soodeen Caribbean Nazarene College In partial fulfilment of the requirements for Course: DT 200 Survey of Theology Lecturer: Mrs. Donnamie Ali Date: April 15, 2013 Introduction Baptism seems to be one of the most controversial points of doctrine and therefore, there are many traditions and teachings regarding the subject. According to Purkiser (1978), the concept of Baptism varies greatly in theological significance as well as mode. In terms of believes, the continuum extends from infant baptism to adult believer’s baptism.Some groups argue that full immersion into the water is necessary during baptism, while others argue that it is not. The idea and significance of Baptism varies tremendously in the different branches of the Christian churches. Baptism is mentioned several times in the bible. In Matthews 3:2-12, John preached to the Jews, that they should repent for their sins in preparation for the coming of the Kingdom. He spoke about Baptism with water as well as baptism with the Holy Spirit and fire. The belief is that Baptism accomplishes the washing away of sin.Acts 2:38, â€Å"†¦Then Peter said unto them, Repent , and be baptized every one of you in the name of Jesus Christ for the remission of sins, and ye shall receive the gift of the Holy Ghost†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The Bible also states that, on judgement day, Jesus will judge all who has lived, and separate the saved from the unsaved. The saved will go to eternal life in the Kingdom, while in unsaved will be cursed with eternal punishment. (Matt. 25:31-46). With this in mind, one can see the importance of finding the answer to the question, What can I do to be saved? Romans 3. 23 states that all have sinned and fall short of the glory of God.This means then that everyone is in need of salvation. According to Acts 4. 12, salvation comes through Jesus Christ alone. To be saved one must hear the good news of Jesus Christ (Romans 10:14), Believe that Jesus Christ is the son of Go d (Hebrews 11:6; Acts 8:37; Mark 16:16; John 8:24), Repent of our sins (Luke 13:3), Confess faith in Jesus Christ ( Romans 10:9), be Baptised (Acts 2:37-41; Peter 3:21; John 3:3-5; Acts 22:16; Romans 6:3-8; Colossians 2:12; Galatians 3:26-27; Mark 16:15-16 and Ephesians 4:5), remain faithful and carry one’s cross daily (Rev 2:10; Matt 24:13; Luke 9:23).In the most basic terms, baptism can be thought of as a sign and seal of the covenant of grace. It is a symbol which points to the idea of a greater reality. When the church performs baptism, it testifies to the death, burial and resurrection of Jesus Christ and signifies the sinner’s union with Jesus in all that he did and accomplished on behalf of mankind. Baptism along with the Lord’s supper or communion, is also a seal. In baptism the Lord places his mark upon the baptized. The repentant and professing Christian receives the seal of heaven’s ownership. Powell 2008). This paper will look at Baptism with water as well as, its meaning and its functions. What is Baptism? Baptism is the outward sign of accepting Jesus Christ. Although baptism by itself does not save, baptism and salvation goes together. Baptism is something that one does after they have accepted Christ into their lives. There are many questions surrounding the concept of baptism, two of which are: should infants be baptized and should it be full immersion or is sprinkling sufficient? These questions go back to about 400 AD, to a man named Augustine.Augustine came up with the idea of â€Å"original sin†, which means that at birth, everyone inherits the sins of Adam, and is therefore separated from God from the beginning of their lives. Parents were obviously and understandably concerned about this, and decided to baptise their children in the event of them dying before accepting Jesus Christ as their saviour. Since full immersion of infants would have been risky, they decided to sprinkle the children with water. Matthew 18:10 indicated that children are kept safe by God until they can fully understand the importance of accepting Christ.Take heed that ye despise not one of these little ones; for I say unto you, That in heaven their angels do always behold the face of my Father which is in heaven. (Matthew 18:10) (Swindoll n. d) Baptism symbolises Jesus’s Death Burial and Resurrection. According to Rice (2000), when the word Baptism is used in the Bible, unless otherwise stated, it refers to Baptism by water and that the word baptize comes from the Greek word â€Å"Baptizo†, which means to dip, plunge or completely immerse in liquid.The word â€Å"Baptizo† was also associated with the art of dyeing. Just as in the process of dyeing, the material is completely dipped into the dye liquid and when lifted it revealed a new look, so too in baptism the believer is completely immersed in water. Immersion during Baptism symbolises the death of one’s sins, and the becoming of a new creature, being born again into the household of God and his son Jesus Christ. After immersion one is raised again from sin, to a new life through baptism.Baptism symbolises the death, burial and resurrection of Jesus Christ. Romans 6:4 states that â€Å"Therefore we are buried with him by baptism into death: that like as Christ was raised up from the dead by the glory of the Father, even so we should also walk in newness of life. † (Copeland n. d) Baptism symbolises the cleansing of one’s soul. Baptism symbolises the washing and cleansing of one’s soul. Ananias, when he was sent to Paul in Damascus, said to him: â€Å"†¦ arise, and be baptized, and wash away thy sins†¦ † (Acts 22:16).Peter said to the multitude in Jerusalem â€Å"†¦ Repent, and be baptized every one of you in the name of Jesus Christ for the remission of sins †¦ † (Acts 2:38). Paul, writing to the Corinthians and reminding them of their position in Chr ist, said â€Å"†¦ but ye are washed, but ye are sanctified, but ye are justified in the name of the Lord Jesus †¦ † And to the Ephesians he refers directly to the medium of this cleansing when he says: â€Å"That he might sanctify and cleanse it with the washing of water by the word† (Eph. :26). (Hoeck 1998). It is the Lord’s promise that the same way that water washes away dirt, the blood that was shed by Jesus Christ, washes away sins of those who accept him. ( Albani n. d) Baptism is an act of obedience Baptism is an act of obedience, which should be an immediate part of one’s acceptance of the gift of grace offered by Jesus Christ. Matthew 28:19 says, â€Å"Go therefore and make disciples of all the nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit. At the beginning of his public ministry, Jesus Christ himself took water baptism by immersing in River Jordan in order to fulfil all righteousness. (John 3:3). T he Word of God asks believers to follow Jesus’s steps of humble obedience, which includes water baptism. John the Baptist called the Jews to confess their sins and demonstrate repentance through immersion in the Jordan River. Jesus, who is without sin, joined the crowd at the river and asked John to baptize him.By following his example in the waters of baptism, believers are publicly confessing their faith in the Saviour and identifying themselves with Him. In a conversation with Nicodemus, Jesus declared, â€Å"I tell you the truth, no one can see the Kingdom of God unless he is born of water and spirit† 1 Peter 2:21, †¦ â€Å"because Christ also suffered for us, leaving us an example, that ye should follow his steps:† Baptism is an act of obedience to God after salvation. (DeMichele n. d) Baptism unites believers with ChristBaptism represents the sinner’s spiritual union with Jesus in his death, burial and resurrection. Romans 6. 1-5, â€Å"†¦What shall we say then? Shall we continue in sin, that grace may abound? God forbid. How shall we, that are dead to sin, live any longer therein? Know ye not, that so many of us as were baptized into Jesus Christ were baptized into his death? Therefore we are buried with him by baptism into death: that like as Christ was raised up from the dead by the glory of the Father, even so we also should walk in newness of life.For if we have been planted together in the likeness of his death, we shall be also in the likeness of his resurrection†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Those who are united with Christ died when Christ died, were buried when Christ was buried and just as Christ rose, they too rise out of the water to a life of righteousness. Of course the dying, burying and rising are all symbolically represented in the act of baptism. Because of their unity with Christ by faith, they receive the benefits of Jesus’ death, burial and resurrection.Believers, through faith, participate in all that Jesus did and therefore, baptism can be seen as a picture of that spiritual reality. Baptism is the sacrament that unites believers with Jesus Christ and makes them members of God’s family. Through the power of the Holy Spirit, baptism initiates believers into the Church, bestows the promise of God’s grace upon them, assures that God will forgive their sins and calls them to a life of Christian service and fulfilment. Through baptism believers become adopted sons and daughters of the God.At the very moment of adoption, the children of God receive their inheritance which is eternal union with God. (Brito, 2008) Baptism provides an eschatological confidence that the life in Christ is a never ending life. â€Å"Now if we be dead with Christ, we believe that we shall also live with him: Knowing that Christ being raised from the dead dieth no more; death hath no more dominion over him. For in that he died, he died unto sin once: but in that he liveth, he liveth unto God. à ¢â‚¬  (Romans 6:8-10). These verses reveal an important link between the doctrine of baptism and the doctrine of eschatology.Because one is united with Christ, in his death and his resurrection, through Baptism, the believer has confidence of a future resurrection. Baptism makes the believer an adopted child of God, a sharer in God’s nature, a co-heir with Christ, and a temple of the Holy Spirit. Baptism is said to be the seal of eternal life. This seal is for â€Å"the day of redemption†, when Christians who is faithful to the seal, will die â€Å"narked for eternal life†, with the hope of seeing God. The eternal life that is spoken about here is a life that is meant to be enjoyed in the Kingdom of God.John 3:16 states, â€Å"For God so loved the world, that he gave his only begotten Son, that whosoever believeth in him should not perish, but have everlasting life. † This clearly states that the condition for having eternal life is believing and identif ying with God. Baptism into death followed by a figurative resurrection to â€Å"newness of life† constitutes the way of salvation. Romans 1:16, â€Å"For I am not ashamed of the gospel of Christ: for it is the power of God unto salvation to every one that believeth; to the Jew first, and also to the Greek†, clearly states that salvation is reserved for those who truly worships. Powell 2008) Baptism has a corporate significance According to Powell (2008), baptism has a corporate significance. Baptism along with the Lord’s Supper (communion), establishes the church as the body of Christ. This means that the entire church is the body of Christ and lives in union with God. The focus here is not the number of members in the church, or their great diversities, but that together they make up the body of Christ. â€Å"For as the body is one, and hath many members, and all the members of that one body, being many, are one body: so also is Christ. (1 Corintians 12:12). Water baptism as well as acceptance into church membership, are practices taught and commanded in the scriptures. The function of baptism however, is to recognise and not to effect actual membership in Christ. Kay (2003), states that since the early years of Christianity baptism has been considered the rite of initiation into the Christian community. In the body of Christ, all members share in a common dignity, and therefore, there is no inequality resulting from race, nationality, social status or sex.The Apostle Paul states, â€Å" †¦There is one body, and one Spirit, even as ye are called in one hope of your calling†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Likewise 1 Corinthians states, â€Å"†¦For by one Spirit we were all baptized into one body—whether Jews or Greeks, whether slaves or free—and have all been made to drink into[a] one Spirit†¦Ã¢â‚¬  In Baptism believers change masters, and separate themselves from the world of sin. Baptism represents a change of masters. Ma n passes from one master to another. Everyone must have a master and by divine grace, some have already chosen their master by accepting Jesus Christ as their saviour.Those who now believe in Jesus Christ and are now free from sin, was once living in sin and were slaves of sin. In Romans 6, Paul described sin as a cruel, master that enslaves humans and uses them as tools of wickedness. Although Christ’s death has made it possible for one to be freed from sin, it does not mean that one is free to follow his or her own path. What it means is that one has had a change of masters, and should live in a way that will be pleasing to Christ. Believers would have experienced a change of ownership, and as a result they now belong to a loving, holy and righteous God.They now strive towards the goal of obedience to God which will result in eternal life. Paul wrote, â€Å"Thanks be to God that though you were slaves of sin, you obeyed from the heart the pattern of teaching which was deli vered to you, and having been made free from sin, you have become slaves of righteousness. † (Romans 6: 17-18) (Newton 1998) Paul indicated that there were two elements involved in liberation from the control of sin. Firstly one must obey from the heart, and therefore forcing someone to â€Å"ritualistically obey† has no value.Paul stated that one dies to sin and is liberated from its control when one is buried with Christ and is motivated to obey God; baptism is the moment when their ownership changes. â€Å"Knowing this, that our old man is crucified with him, that the body of sin might be destroyed, that henceforth we should not serve sin. For he that is dead is freed from sin. †(Romans 6:6-7). This doctrine of sanctification, developed by Paul, is normal and expected of believers as a result of their union with Christ, through Baptism. The former self is dead by virtue of immersion into Christ and therefore the believer is no longer a slave of sin.Baptism sig nals and signifies a new master, Jesus Christ. 2 Corinthians 5:17 states , â€Å"Therefore, if anyone is in Christ, he is a new creation, old things have become new. Therefore having died to sin in baptism, the new man in Christ is now freed from sin. † Baptism is a covering in Christ Nakedness was depicted as a state of sin (Rev 16:15), when sin first entered the world, that moment of disgrace and fear, when Adam and Eve recognised that they were naked and made garments out of fig leaves to cover their nakedness (Gen 3:7).God assured them that their man-made covering was not enough to rid their sins, and he stripped them of it and provided them a covering of his own. Just as Adam and Eve were covered with the covering of the Lord, so too, believers must also â€Å"put on† Christ, and baptism is the divinely appointed way of doing this. â€Å"For ye are all the children of God by faith in Christ Jesus. For as many of you as have been baptized into Christ have put on C hrist. There is neither Jew nor Greek, there is neither bond nor free, there is neither male nor female: for ye are all one in Christ Jesus. (Gal 3:26-28) Conclusion The idea and practice of baptism seems to be a divisive subject in the Christian community. Some think that it should be reserved for people who are old enough to make a mature commitment to Christ, while others believe that it is legitimate for the children of Christian parents to be baptised as a sign that the family is united in following Christ and to save the child in the event that he or she does not get the opportunity to accept Christ before dying. Nevertheless baptism is regarded as an outer expression of an inner spiritual reality.It symbolises Jesus’s death, burial and resurrection and unites believers with Christ in the Kingdom of God. Baptism itself does not save, and therefore a person must be a Christian before the actual, public water baptism. Repenting of sins and accepting the sacrifice of Jesus on the cross is what assures believers of salvation. When believers come to Jesus in this way, they are completely forgiven of their sins by God. This is atonement. When a person accepts Jesus, the Holy Spirit dwells in their hearts, and they become new creations, with a new hope and a changed life direction.They are set free from the power of sin to live a new life in Christ. This is redemption. Such peoples’ hope is in God’s kingdom. They seek Jesus and his Kingdom as of first priority. (Matt 6:33) They become children of God. They are saved and God sees them as his precious children. As they live out their journey on earth, they grow in Jesus’ likeness, his holiness, and in his image. This is sanctification. Baptism is a symbol and public declaration of faith. It reveals atonement, redemption and sanctification. Baptism was commanded by God. It is an act of obedience. In the New Testament, baptism is about conversion and discipleship.Baptism has corporate si gnificance. The church is seen as a separate entity from the world, and faith and baptism are the distinguishing marks of followers of Christ. Baptism is the sign of becoming a disciple of Jesus (Matthew 28:18-20); it is dying to the old, pre-Christian way of life and rising again to a new life as a follower of Jesus (Romans 6:1-11); it is new birth into the Kingdom of God (John 3:5). As a disciple of Christ, it’s important to publicly stand with Him in celebrating a new life. That makes baptism a great first step for a new follower of Christ to take! ReferenceAlbani, F. Is baptism necessary for salvation? http://www. bibleprobe. com/baptism. htm Retrieved on 26/03/2013 Brito, U. United with Christ in Baptism. http://apologus. wordpress. com/2008/10/31/united-with-christ-in-baptism/ Retrieved on 26/03/2013 Copeland. K. Understanding Water Baptism http://www. kcm. org/real-help/article/understanding-water-baptism Retrieved on 01/04/2013 DeMichele, R. Beleiver’s baptism in the Bible. http://www. biblebelievers. com/DeMichele1. html Retrieved on 23/03/2013. Hoeck B. Repentance & Baptism: Coming to God. http://www. truthontheweb. org/baptism. tm Retrieved 26/03/2013 ( copy this address into the address bar and it will open) McPherson J. Fundamental Wesleyan Society http://www. fwponline. cc/v16n1/v16n1joemac. html Retrieved on 01/04/2013 Newton, B. (1998) A change of ownership. http://www. sjchurchofchrist. org/websitepublisher/a-change-of-ownership-. html Retrievedon 12/04/2013 Swindoll, R. (n. d) Signposts Along Life's Journey (1997), Insight for Living. http://www. clarifyingchristianity. com/get_wet. shtml Retrieved on 10/04/2013 http://www. biblelight. org/bs15. htm http://www. atgrace. com/information/general/baptism/purpose-baptism

How Does Willy Russell Create Mood Essay

In the Summer Sequence Willy Russell’s three main protagonists are shown to grow up from the ages of 15 to 18, thus becoming adults throughout the song. This means that the sequence acts as a watershed in the respect that it marks a major turning point in the play. This is shown through the atmosphere that Russell creates, which goes from fairly positive, hopeful tone to a more cynical and desperate one over the duration of the sequence. Russell uses several techniques to create these atmospheres throughout. In the opening of the Summer Sequence the atmosphere is clearly a happy one, which is shown by Russell by using words like â€Å"young, free and innocent† to describe the characters. In this section, the word â€Å"innocent† is used twice. This repetition emphasises their youth and their naivety. â€Å"You haven’t got a care†, suggests Russell is trying to create an image of the characters as being without concern, completely free of worry so it reinforces the absolute happiness of the characters. Another adjective that occurs later in the song is â€Å"immortal† which at this stage of the play creates an atmosphere of excitement and spontaneity because the children can’t conceive of an end to their current lives. A technique that Russell uses starts to use here is imagery, â€Å"street’s turned to paradise†, the word â€Å"paradise† bring to mind an idea of secure and complete happiness, which is how he describes them in this verse. Another technique is personification, â€Å"radio’s singing dreams†, giving the radio the ability to do something that brings happiness or joy. This line also works the first time the motif of dreams appears, one that recurs throughout the sequence. The next notable part of the sequence is entirely stage directions, and shows the characters at a fairground. In this part of the sequence the most obvious technique is foreshadowing and motifs arising. In it, Linda is just ignored by the narrator, who is running the stall, when giving the gun to them, but the boys both insist Linda fires it, which is reminiscent of the beginning of the play when Linda takes the airgun from Mickey and beats him at firing at cans. Linda also used to control their social situations, â€Å"let’s throw some stones through them windows†. This scene is also very reliant on the gun motif that runs through the entire play which creates a darker and more sinister atmosphere, and that suggests a level of violence. The fairground scene is also reflected in the musical choice, which is fairground-like music that plays to the tune of ‘Tell me it’s not true’, the song Mrs Johnstone sings at the very beginning of the play while her two sons lie dead on the stage. So, again this ties in with the audiences’ awareness of the boys’ tragic fate, thus, creating a foreshadowing atmosphere and suggests impending tragedy. This links with the gun motif, as together these themes create a sense of impending violence and death. The last line of this section of stage directions is â€Å"Linda is caught in the middle, the game freezes†. This creates a dark atmosphere as throughout the play Linda is always seen to be caught in between the two boys, but so far, it has never ended badly. In this instance, however, it foreshadows the fates of all three characters. The use of the word â€Å"game†, referring to a game of piggy-in-the-middle, could suggest that the context of the play when Linda gets caught up in her own happiness which eventually leads to the tragic fate of the twins. Overall, this section is of a darker tone than the last, but this atmosphere is created through the subtext, so the audience may not be fully aware of why they feel this way about the atmosphere. This is featured through the presence of the narrator, who throughout the play appears on stage to signify or prompt something negative to happen. He hands them the gun, and prompts the game of piggy-in-the-middle that Linda gets caught between. The next section uses metaphors to create a dark, impending atmosphere, that is more openly sinister that the previous section. Russell refers to the characters are â€Å"Lambs in spring†, which suggests not only their innocence and naivety, but an inevitable fate, specifically one that is forced upon them, not of their own doing. This explicitly refers to the brothers’ fate in a way in which the last section didn’t, so the tone is far more marred by the eventuality of their deaths. This date is also referenced when Russell extends the metaphor, â€Å"fate the later seasons bring†, which causes the audience to remember the scene at the very beginning of the play, preventing them from being drawn into the initial happiness of the three teenagers in this sequence. Again, it refers to Linda being caught in the middle of the pair, foreshadowing their final argument. It also refers to Linda paying a â€Å"price†, a theme that was initially shown in the song ‘Easy Terms’, sung by Mrs Johnstone, and in both cases foreshadows the price they’ll have to pay for their involvement in the twins’ lives. The music becomes far more serious and sinister, a repetitive tense note with no actual melody. In the next section a recurring theme is shown with the references to time. This creates a sad, melancholic atmosphere, as the audience is aware of the character’s significant lack of time together, but the characters are not, so their happy unawareness and this dramatic irony is slightly poignant. Again, fate is reference by the narrator â€Å"care not for what’s at the end of the day†, again forcing the audience to remember the fate of the boys, this enhances the melancholy mood of the section. â€Å"What is to come, what might have been†, references both the eventualities of the play, whilst also suggesting they could have been happy, that it could have they could have been happier, depressing the mood even further. It is made poignant by the characters’ blissful ignorance, â€Å"life has no ending†¦Talk away the night†, which ties in with the earlier references of immorality. Again, this dramatic irony, where the audience know that the boys’ lives do have endings that are fast approaching, almost makes the audience beg them to not waste their time talking â€Å"away the night†. â€Å"Share your last cigarette† also ties into the earlier scene where Mickey and Eddie share things, such as sweets and later cigarettes, they promise to share things in their blood brothers pact; but they cannot share Linda. Arguably the downfall of both brothers, meaning that this watershed’s atmosphere is wholly dark. In the next section it is all stage directions, but Russell uses foreshadowing and the use of the narrator’s presence to create a seemingly happy atmosphere that still foreshadows tragedy. In it, the trip are taking photos of each other at the beach. In the one between Eddie and Linda, Eddie down on one knee and demonstrating affections by kissing her hand. Throughout the play, Linda has shaped Eddie’s personality and actions, such as coercing him to throw rocks, and Eddie has appeared to like her from the very beginning and so this foreshadows the dynamics of their later relationship. Mickey and Linda’s photo does the same, as Mickey â€Å"pulls a distorted face†, and Linda chastening him for it, which foreshadows Mickey’s later dependency on medication, and Linda’s efforts to help him get off them. This foreshadowing of tragic events, in a way that appears innocent creates an  eerie, disconcerting atmosphere. As there are no words, it can’t openly reference what’s to come, but uses what the characters think is a harmless and happy moment. This is compounded by the musical choice, which is again ‘Tell me it’s not true’, as fairground music. Again, this foreshadows the final scene, creating a foreboding atmosphere without explicit reference as to why it appears that way. In this scene we see the characters taking pictures of them at the beach, these photos are memories of the last time the three of them are all truly happy. Therefore, the photographs signify the end of their childhood and innocence and dreams. This made clearer by the narrator being the one to take the photographs, thus being the one who signifies the end of their childhoods and lives. The children literally become adults at the end of the beach scene in the Summer Sequence, as well as metaphorically. Because the narrator is a sinister figure throughout the play, and usually is there to prompt the occurrence of something tragic, it creates a sense of impending tragedy even more obvious in this scene. The picture that the narrator takes is of them all together, happy, so he not only brings their childhood to a close, but also their happiness and friendship. In a sense, he symbolises reality as he intrudes on their happiness, despite their ignorance and the audience’s desire for him not to do so. He also represents society as it is eventually social constraints of class and wealth that divide the two. This way the audience are forced to see the society that they are part of and this is the factor that brings the story to an end. The fact that he appears to them as a friendly, even helpful, face increases the audience’s wariness of him and therefore the sinister nature of the scene. The overriding atmosphere of the scene is the last section is one of desperation and uncertainty. Russell uses metaphors such as â€Å"broken bottles in the sand† to symbolise a man-made impression on something naive and happy, which symbolises the characters’ friendship and how it is affected by class. The motif of a dream is repeated, as is the theme of innocence. The references to dreams ties in with the song tell me it’s not true, which refers to dreams. The reference to innocence here again makes the trio seem devious to the fact that they will be subject to tragedy.

How can we make India clean Essay

How true these words sound in the present context. There is so much pollution all around us today that normal breathing in itself is the greatest risk to our lives. Pollution has affected our lives so adversely that because of this, millions of people die annually. The way the environment is being polluted today stands testimony to the fact that we are irresponsible occupants of this Earth and by polluting the air; we are meticulously working towards our own destruction. According to the World Health Organisation, about 2.8 million people each year die due to indoor pollution (over 500,000 occur in China alone). These data should act as an eye-opener for all of us. Smoke emitting from industries, factories, vehicles and even cigarettes is a major source of air pollution. It is due to air pollution that a number of diseases have surfaced. There are several respiratory diseases, which affect us adversely. Cigarette smoking is not injurious to the health of only those who smoke cigarett es but also to those who come in contact with the smoke emitted from the cigarettes. What is worse is that most of us understand the ill-effects of pollution, yet we are so indifferent towards our own health that we do not avoid the avoidable. Stoves, LPG and other non-conventional sources of energy should be used for cooking and the bursting of firecrackers should be reduced. Therefore, if we prevent air pollution, we not only keep ourselves healthy but also our historical monuments. Another major source of pollution today is water pollution. Water pollution is the contamination of water by sewage, toxic chemicals, metals, oils, or other substances. Diseases like diarrhoea and dysentery are the ill-effects of polluted water. The wastes that are thrown in the rivers and lakes by us mainly pollute water. It is due to this that the water supplied to us in our homes is impure and consumption of which leads to man) dreaded diseases. The biomedical waste from hospitals is not processed properly and is thrown in nearby rivers. The waste materials from factories and industries are also disposed of in the same manner. Therefore, it leads: to high levels of water pollution. Not only this, people throw dry flower used for puja and other religious functions in rivers due to which water gets badly contaminated and unfit for use. In fact, due to high levels of water po llution, marine animals die an untimely death and are on the verge of extinction today. In a healthy water system, a cycle of natural processed turns wastes into useful or harmless substances. The cycle begins when organisms called aerobic bacteria use the oxygen dissolved in water to digest wastes. This digestion process releases nitrates, phosphates an other nutrients. Algae and aquatic green plants absorb these nutrients. Zooplanktons eat the algae, and fish eat the zooplankton. The fish, in turn, may be eaten by larger fish. These larger animals come in contact with other animals and in turn the process of biological contamination cycle continues. Another form of pollution that threatens our peace today is sound pollution. It is so irksome when music is played at high volumes in parties and vehicles. Today, the levels of sound pollution are so high that the Supreme Court had to intervene and pass orders recently to impose a restriction on the playing of bands and loud music between 10 p.m. and 4 a.m. The vehemence of music disturbs students, patients, old and other people we want some rest after a long day’s work. The sound of the bawling horns is a headache in itself. Everybody is in a hurry and therefore, the use of horns is made without much though Horns disrupt pe ace to the extent that these can be heard even in the ‘no-horn’ zones. Although noise does not poll the air, water, or land, but it can cause discomfort and hearing loss human beings and other animals. Soil pollution is also an important mode of pollution. When the ear thin layer of healthy, productive soil is destroyed where food is grown it is called soil erosion. Healthy soil depends on bacteria, fungi, and small animals to break down wastes in the soil and release nutrients. These nutrients help plants grow. Fertilisers and pesticides can limit the ability of soil organisms to process wastes. As a result, farmers who oven fertilizers and pesticides can destroy their soil’s productivity and are causing many diseases to the people. Not only this, even irrigation in dry areas without proper drainage system can lead to water logging in the fields. it can lead to famines because soil pollution will lead to a poor quality of soil, which in turn will lead to poor crops. Therefore, soil pollution is extremely dangerous. It is the responsibility of each and every one of us to control the rising levels of any form of pollution. We must get our vehicles checked regularly and if the smoke emitting from them is higher than the normal lev el, it should be repaired. Use of firecrackers should be minimized and cigarette smoking should be given up. We must take a vow never to throw any waste materials in the rivers or lakes because that water comes back to us as drinking water. We must take an initiative to  prevent others also from doing so. Hospitals must collect their biomedical wastes and dispose of them in a proper manner. Some should be done with the waste materials from factories and industries. Recycling should be made a practice and children should be taught how to recycle simple things in school. This practice will make them to recycle things rather than throw them like garbage. The volume of our music systems should be kept low so that others are not disturbed. Even in parties these should be stopped after some time to avoid noise pollution and inconvenience to others. Thus, only when we decide to do our duty to keep our dear planet clean, we can succeed in controlling pollution. Only then we can make this world’s better place to live for you and for me’.

One of the five articles mentioned Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

One of the five articles mentioned - Essay Example Violent media is an authentic tool that provides tough mental exercises and the children will learn the merits and demerits of violence to enable them to adapt to real-life situations. Gerard argues accordingly and treats violence as an asset for the healthy growth of children. Unless the child knows what darkness is, the beauty of the light will never be appreciated by it. Children must know the prevailing realities in the present violence-prone society and adjust their life-patterns accordingly. Gerard Jones begins the essay with a heavy stroke of the hammer. At the first reading the reactions like—justification for violent media? Exposition of children to violence? Incredible!—are normal. Gerard’s love for violence goes in tandem with his love for children—this in short is the message ingrained in the essay, and said intelligently. Gerard’s advice to the children is, remove thorn with the thorn. It is easy for the parents to make the children submissive by injecting repeated doses on morality, but it requires guts to tell a child, retaliation is the best answer when you are attacked. A brave child of brave parents will be happy at the recollections of the past, as to how he challenged the vicissitudes of life. No one is defeated in life unless one admits defeat and the child that has been sensitized about the values of violent reactions will have the last laugh. The best educational institution on this Planet Earth is the college of self-education, where your mind is your principal and your initiatives are your professors. The highest challenge is to face the realities of life and not avoid or duck them. The motivating factor for the author to pen this essay and come out in support of violent media is his own childhood when he was carefully prevented from having the firsthand knowledge about the dark sides of life. Children should know that there

Mandatory Voting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Mandatory Voting - Essay Example While the current electoral system is not producing a high percentage of citizens voting, the alternatives - to levy incentives or penalties or lower the voting age - do not address the core problems. The American voting process is a well-thought out plan that works, however voter turnout will not increase until citizens relate the importance to their own well-being and lowering the voting age would not help; conversely the institution of an "apathy tax" as penalty for not voting could be effective. As Miller states, the current electoral system in the United States is working just as it should. However, there is no doubt that with the current system, voter turnout has been poor. One of the main reasons for this is that citizens do not view voting as being in their own best interests. They reason that there is nothing tangible realized from voting; no strong motive to do so, and consequently, they do nothing. This is, according to John Dean, columnist for Findlaw.com and former counsel to the President of the United States in his 2003 article "Is It Time to Consider Mandatory Voting Laws", a national disgrace, and rightly so. Generation after generation, the percentage of citizens voting declines. It is critical to note that without a standard in addition to the established voting system, the present problems and issues keeping citizens from the polls will continue. Voters must be prodded in a way which appeals to their sense of obligation to society in order to become properly registered and exercise their right to vote. Citizens must remember there is a social contract with their government which loses its legitimacy if they do not vote. When voters are lax about upholding their end of the agreement, it becomes imperative to look more closely at the role of government and whether the electoral process is focused on the results at the polls or what is the best process for electing the country's leader. It will take a concerted effort to convince citizens to forgo their natural apathy and do what is best for the democratic system of the United States, however, it is not the system itself which must be reformed. Lowering the legal voting age has been proposed by some but to do so would be ineffective in ensuring mature, informed votes. Citizens younger than 18 are not mature enough, nor have they sufficient experience to make an informed voting decision; many would simply vote in tandem with their parents or other influential adults without the ability to use their own critical judgment. However, targeting 18-year-old voters would be very beneficial, as Democrat Joe Coto proposes, according to the 2007 Sacramento Bee article by Jim Sanders, "Register to Vote, Get Diploma". Coto has recently authored a bill, AB 183, which would induce young people to register to vote or be penalized by not receiving their high school diploma. In this way, the message becomes clear that our political system requires citizens "to keep

Performance Management and Organizations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Performance Management and Organizations - Essay Example Mullins (2005) contends that organizations comprise 'people, objectives, structures' and 'management'. Managing human resources, keeping the shareholders in good humor, organizing funds for new business ventures, planning out marketing strategies are all parts of the management which require more than the copy book style of management. External: These are the factors on which an organization may not be able to exert much of its control. These include, the legal and political scene prevailing within the state/ country of its operations, number and types of competitors, suppliers in the market, terms and conditions from financial institutions, alternative products available in the market, newer technological innovations etc. Strategists are supposed to take care of these factors by planning appropriate responses. Worthington (2006) places greater importance on political developments occurring at different levels - local, national and international. Organizations resort to strategic planning to take care of these factors and Organizations learn a lot from there environment and prevailing circumstances. But the strategic intent alone cannot be planned all in advance. It has to be a continuous evolutionary process depending upon the experiences. Henry Ford said, "Failure is the opportunity to begin again more intelligently"1 Organizations too adapt their strategies according to the prevailing circumstances and the overall business scenario. Organizations and their management are not supposed to indulge in politics and the power-game. But the management is at the same time required to carry the organization through the ups and downs of the times. Butcher & Clarke (2003) state that 'managers often seem to struggle with their role'. There are times when managers are confronted with paradoxical situations. Under such circumstances, the theories and relevant prescription might appear to be insufficient for their needs. Such circumstan ces require some amount of political acumen on the part of the management. Globalisation has in fact provided wings to MNCs for exploring newer vistas of business opportunities, dealing with newer sets of customers and governments. In order to leverage the economies of scale some MNCs prefer to outsource their services from Europe and US to countries like India, China (Bracken, 2004). This type of business is full of risk as it involves handing over a crucial task to people who are nowhere near the customs/ cultures of the organization, involves taking political risks both at home as well as in foreign lands. Quite a few political objections have been raised against the outsourcing decisions by some companies; as such steps are resulting in an increase in unemployment in those countries from where these services are being outsourced. On the other hand this step is resulting in more employment generation in the countries which are the outsourcing destinations. Such voices have also b een 'managed' well by the management of the companies in outsourcing business, which could not have been done without some first hand experience of political maneuverability. The political establishment is

Organizational commitment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Organizational commitment - Assignment Example Mangers should build team work through sharing of ideas with employees. Engaging workers in an exchange of ideas is very important for positive feedback (Staw, 2003.p28). This also helps managers to obtain immediate solutions to any problem facing an organization. Since mangers are concerned with setting of company’s target, they should adequately inform their workers about company’s objectives to make them aware of what is expected of them (Doyle, 2003.p.35). Through effective communication, managers will be able to establish lasting relationship with the workers. They will be able to build strong working team which will be monitoring and correcting each other (Liff, 2007, p.67). This will also save the managers time and struggle to handle internal disputes within the organization. Through effective communication, managers should involve their employees in looking for solutions to challenging problems in the organizations. They should provide opportunity for each staff member to contribute their ideas and should value and respect all employees’ opinions (Staw, 2003.p.37). This will otherwise demoralize individuals hence lowering their morale. Furthermore, different people will have different ideas and therefore, managers will have an opportunity to select the best from the employees’ ideas (Doyle, 2003.p.49). The management team should support the working team by creating an enabling environment in relation to their work (Doyle, 2003.p.39). This results to overall productivity of the workers and a feeling of satisfaction in their job. The managers should review the duties and responsibilities of the workers so that they get engaged in demanding activities to inspire their minds (Staw, 2003.p.67). However, before this is implemented, they should ensure that their working terms and conditions are also improved for the workers to feel appreciated. This should also be based on individual skills and

Geol bb week 7 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Geol bb week 7 - Essay Example of hunting which characterized by their numerous sharp teeth, and some species like the great white, they have serrated teeth for tearing into flesh (Sexton 6). These teeth are their ultimate weapons which enable them to kill or incapacitate their prey with one bite. Sharks have an extremely well streamline body that enables then to swim very fast when hunting for food. Sharks do not have a swim bladder unlike other fish to them afloat, but they use their fins to accomplish relative buoyancy. Sharks have fins on their body that enable them to maneuver effortlessly at speeds that enable them to hunt for their food effectively. Sharks are solitary animals, and they only encounter one another for mating purposes. Sharks either lay their eggs in protected regions on the seabed or in other species the young ones develop in their mother’s womb until birth when they are born as pups. Shark can live for as long as 100 years, but their average lifespan is 25 to 30 years (Sexton 12). Sharks rarely face any danger in their aquatic environment, but they face danger from human activities. Overfishing poses the greatest danger to the existence of sharks’ in the world’s waters. Regulated harvesting of sharks is the only feasible way to ensure that their future in the world’s oceans is

Clinical Scenario with Structured Questions Essay

Clinical Scenario with Structured Questions - Essay Example A nurse’s aid who is also a second year nursing student at university saw the client , took his blood pressure which was found to be elevated at 185/112. His heart rate was rapid at 113 beats per minute. The clinical picture indicated that the man was most probably having a heart attack. The student / nurse called an ambulance. As per unit protocol an accident/incident form was filled. Chest pain is a common occurrence with older patients. In the Emergency Department, chest pain needs to be isolated as cardiac or non-cardiac in origin. Physical assessment and proper history taking is very important in identifying the type of chest pain the patient is experiencing. This will also help the health care provider prioritize the plan of care. Proper assessment and history taking through detailed interview could have helped greatly in avoiding errors and reducing incidence reporting. This also indicates that the quality of care is improving. Pain is a very subjective matter. McCaffre y defined pain as whatever the person experiencing pain says it is, existing whenever the person communicates or demonstrates it does (McCaffrey, 1986). Chest pain is one of the most common complaints in emergency departments of hospitals and acute care centers, so common that immediate evaluation and correct diagnosis is very important in the patient’s survival. The situation describes a 44 year old Anglo-Saxon male client presenting with crushing chest pain. History shows long term use of alcohol, obesity, diabetic with insulin infusion, diaphoresis and shortness of breath. The Registered Nurse who first assessed the patient missed critical information such as taking the vital signs of the patient. Vital signs, particularly blood pressure is very important in the assessment of pain. Increased blood pressure usually indicates severe pain (Cox). High blood pressure and tachycardia are symptoms of a heart attack. These symptoms plus the crushing chest pain, diaphoresis and s hortness of breath are warning signs of heart attack and is should be considered a medical emergency. Clinical Governance Clinical governance is a term used by the National Health Service to describe a systematic approach in maintaining high standards of care and aims to continually improve the quality of services delivered in the clinical practice environment. Clinical governance is defined as a framework which helps all clinicians – including nurses – to continuously improve quality and safeguard standards of care (Royal College of Nursing). The role of clinical governance in this situation is to correct any mistakes that the drug and alcohol detoxification unit failed to detect. The purpose of clinical governance is to maintain and improve standards of patient care. In this scenario, it will improve the inadequate partenership between and among health care professionals dealing with the patient. It will also improve delivery of health care in other elements of clini cal governance such as education and training, clinical audit, clinical effectiveness, research and development, openness and risk management. In education and training, the staff of the unit are equipped for drug and alcohol detoxification but they also need to continually update themselves with regards to medical cases in order for them to promptly idnetify life threatening symptoms such as mentioned in

Case Study summary Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Case Study summary - Term Paper Example The company had staff performance appraisal program and believed in giving satisfaction to both staff and customers. Company provided many benefits to its workers which ensured a smooth running of the organization. However, problems aroused among employees with an issue of diwali gift and also gradually other problems started appearing slowly. The issues were relating to break, granting of leave, hostile attitude of workers etc. Eventually, company offered a raise in salary which was denied by the workers. Also some indiscipline behavior from the workers made the situation worse. The workers formed a union in due course and there was an attempt of conciliation between the company and workers which resulted in failure. With the onset of disruptive conduct from workers, the company banned the entry of workers to the company premises. A clash between police and employees occurred and all this led to a decrease in the productivity of the company .Ultimately, with the involvement of minis ter of haryana the situation in company got back to normal .The unrest among workers brought about a big damage to the productivity and goodwill of the company. The company had a big shock due to its damaged goodwill and declined productivity and this left the CEO of the company skeptical about his future growth. The key factors that led to the breakdown of industrial relations at HMSI.

Korean Baptist Church Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Korean Baptist Church - Term Paper Example The church believes that there’s only one God reveals himself in three personas as the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit. Its platform is the Holy Scripture which is the foundation and the basis of all the doctrines the church stands. The official website of the southern Baptist convention (sbc.net) states: It has God for its author, salvation for its end, and truth, without any mixture of error, for its matter. Therefore, all Scripture is totally true and trustworthy. It reveals the principles by which God judges us, and therefore is, and will remain to the end of the world the true center of Christian union, and the supreme standard by which all human conduct, creeds, and religious opinions should be tried. All Scripture is a testimony to Christ, who is Himself the focus of divine revelation. As the church committed to relational, positive evangelism, the outreach is centered on reaching the â€Å"unchurched† one. It takes seriously in developing, educating and empowering the called for service. It is dedicated to serve people as they’re active in many charitable projects. It’s been giving home for the homeless, feeding the hungry and serves as a refuge for many who were devastated by calamities. It’s also supporting missionaries to spread the real teaching of Christ. Furthermore, it is a home for what they called â€Å"true† Christians. Denton Korean Baptist Church located at 2810 N Locust St. Denton Texas is one of the active Korean Baptist Church today. Just like any other Korean Baptist church, Denton Korean Baptist Church is just a traditional one headed by Pastor Hyoung Min Kim. The altar is decorated in a simple fashion which hastens the tranquility of the place. It is a perfect place to discern. A place where God speaks and people listen. Indeed, it refreshes one soul. Yet, the peacefulness outside is still superseded by the warmth of the people. The burning

Database Design and Implementation Coursework Essay Example for Free

Database Design and Implementation Coursework Essay The aim of this database design and implementation coursework is to design and develop a Quorum Party Database system that will be interacted with the system online by the party goers who are enthusiastic to go and attend parties. It means that party goers/end users will become as a member by registering the site of our on-line party service company. We also create a prototype for web front-end form that will allow end users to check and register in Quorum Party database by including some sample required data. After the given scenarios have been read, firstly, we need to make some assumptions that can be determined to be correct or faulty and can be clarified unclear business rules or procedures before building a database system. According to the coursework, the conceptual data model diagram has to be drawn using the Chen notation and the logical relational schema is needed to produce which defines the relationships between different tables. Both conceptual data model and logical relational schema have to be checked with 3NF, third normalization form. The considered tables should be created and inserted in DBMS Microsoft Access with some extra required information. Queries, reports and forms have to be produced with the sample data by writing SQL coding for given A1 to A6 from the Sample Applications of course work scenario. Finally, the snapshots of the resulting output produced should be shown once queries, reports and forms successfully run using the appropriate tools in the chosen DBMS Microsoft Access.

Introduction to Tort Law, Negligence

Introduction to Tort Law, Negligence Law is a system of rules created by the government in order to regulate and protect the society. Law is highly important to protect the rights of every member of the society from being harmed by others or even by themselves. The first case under analysis is related to Phil, who is a freelance airline catering truck driver and is being prosecuted for carelessly knocking down Colin while waiting at a set of traffic lights on the perimeter road of Heathrow Airport. On turning left at the lights Phil knocked down Colin, who sustained a broken collar bone, a broken leg and serious head injuries. Hilary, Colin’s wife, who was supposed to meet Colin at the traffic lights, witnessed the accident and suffered a nervous shock as a result. The other case refers to Ralf, a health and safety officer, who was visiting one of XYZ plc construction sites when was hit by a digger which Alex moved in order to get it out of the way of his truck. As a result, Ralf sustained two fractured ribs. Thi s assignment will have an analysis on both cases along with the claims that plaintiffs are able to bring and recommendations for the same. The modern tort of negligence has begun with the case of Donghue v Stevenson (1932). Negligence refers to conduct that falls below the standards established by law for the protection of others against unreasonable risk of harm. A person has acted negligently if he or she has departed from the conduct expected of a reasonable person acting under similar circumstances. Colin v Phil (2015) The parties in this case are Colin, who is the plaintiff, and Phil, who is the defendant. This case between Colin and Phil is a Tort of Negligence issue, under the civil law, as there is a breach of duty owed by the defendant to the plaintiff, resulting in damages to the plaintiff. Tort is a wrongdoing that results in injury to another person or damage to property. Cyclists, as legitimate road users, must follow all highway laws, and as they are especially vulnerable, should take extra care while at the highways. Trucks make wide turns and Colin should have been more cautious and waited behind the truck until Phil has completed the manoeuvre as the rear wheels come very close to the pavement while turning. At the time of the accident, Colin was wearing head phones, listening to an earlier â€Å"Legislative Frameworks† lecture, which is not considered illegal, however, it is unsafe as it reduces the individual’s concentration drastically. The rule 73 of the UK Highway Code states that â€Å"cyclists should pay particular attention to long vehicles which need more room than usual to manoeuvre at corners. Truck drivers may not see the cyclists. They may have to move over to the right before turning left. Cyclists should wait until the trucks have completed the manoeuvre as the rear wheels come very close to the kerb while turning. T he space between the long vehicles and the kerb should not be a temptation to cyclists†. Probably, if Colin was not wearing head phones, could have avoided this accident. Phil owed a duty of care towards Colin, therefore, the defendant is in breach of duty when fails to see Colin before turning left. Breach of duty occurs where a defendant falls below the standard of a reasonable person, in other words, he acted carelessly. Colin should be able to bring a claim against Phil due to his negligence driving – see Clenshaw V Tanner (2002). In order for Colin’s claim of tortuous liability to be succeed, primarily, certain fundamental factors need to be proved: i) the existence of a duty of care owed Phil to Colin; ii) Phil’s duty has been breached or broken; iii) the breach of duty resulted in Colin’s damage or injury. However, based upon Garatt v Saxby (2004), Phil may be able to reduce his damages if he proves that Colin’s negligence cycling has contributed to the accident by wearing head phones while cycling and standing on the nearside of his truck while waiting at the traffic lights – see Froom v Butcher 1976. Hilary v Phil (2015) In English law, claims for nervous shock are related to psychiatric injury or illness as a result of seeing or hearing an event caused by a negligent breach of duty. The leading case of Alcock v Chief Constable of South Yorkshire (1992), defines the primary and secondary victims and the requirements to be met by the latter. The secondary victim has to meet to be eligible to bring a claim, which is in addition to be owed a duty of care by the defendant. A claim for nervous shock is likely to be arise when an individual witnesses an accident in which a relative is injured. In order to succeed in a claim for psychiatric harm against Phil, Hilary will have to prove that she has a close tie and affection towards Colin, witnessed the accident with her own senses and proximity to the event and that her psychiatric illness was caused by it. Hilary witnessed her own husband Colin being severely injured when he collided with Phil’s truck at the lights, where was supposed to meet him. Th erefore, based upon Kelly v Hennessy (1995), Hilary would be able to bring a claim against Phil as she suffered a recognisable psychiatric illness caused by the defendant’s act. The parties in this case are Ralf, who is the plaintiff, Alex and XYZ plc, who are the defendants. This case between Ralf, Alex and XYZ plc is also a Tort of Negligence issue, under the civil law, as there is a breach of duty of care owed by the defendants towards the plaintiff, resulting in damages to the plaintiff. Ralf v Alex (2015) Every employees who work in construction sites have to be aware how dangerous their jobs may be in their workplaces. It is extremely important to make sure that every worker takes the all the precautions and wear safety equipment and follow all the safety rules while on site. Also, the employers and main contractors on duty have the obligation to provide a safe workplace and system of work. According to leighday.co.uk, 2 million people are currently employed in the construction industry, which represents only 5% of the employees in Britain, however, 22% of fatal accidents are related to this industry. Ralf sustained two fractured ribs as a result of being carelessly hit by a digger, which Alex was moving in order to get it out of the way of his truck. Alex, as a responsible construction employee, should be aware of the safety rules within construction sites and his prohibition of driving any vehicle on site, except his truck. Also, it is important to highlight that Alex was returning late from his lunch break at the time of the accident. Therefore, Ralph should be able to bring a claim against Alex due to his breach of duty, negligence driving and breach of contract, which led to causation, two broken ribs – see Donoghue v Stevenson 1932. Based upon Hadley v Baxendale (1854), breach of contract occurs when there is a failure to adhere to the terms of a valid contract. Ralf v XYZ plc (2015) As was already mentioned above, constructions sites are extremely dangerous environments, however, the employers or main contractors on site have the obligation to ensure the safety of any employees, contractors or visitors to the site in order to minimise any possible dangers. Ralf should be entitled to claim a compensation from XYZ plc to pay the medical treatments and cover the financial pressures from being unable to work, as the employers or main contractors on site have not done everything they could to stop him from being injured by Alex. Based upon Doughty v Turner Manufacturing Company(1964), this is an example of breach of duty of care as XYZ plc failed to provide a duty of care towards Ralph, resulting in damage on the safety officer. The supervisors on duty should be aware of what Alex was about to do and have stopped him. Duty of care is an obligation recognized by law requiring a person to conform to a certain standard of conduct for the protection of others. Finally, this assignment has provided an analysis of two cases. The first case is about Phil, a truck driver who is facing legal issues for carelessly knocking down Colin, a cyclist, at the perimeter road of Heathrow Airport, causing him serious injurious. As a result, Hilary (Colin’s wife who was supposed to meet her husband at the traffic lights), witnessed the accident and sustained a nervous shock as a result. The second case relates to Ralph, a health and safety officer, who was hit by Alex, a construction worker who is also facing legal issues for moving a digger in order to get it out of the way of his truck. As a result, Ralf has sustained two broken ribs. Along with the analysis, the assignment also provides a recommendation on both cases in order for the claims to succeed. 1520 Words References Hodge, S. (2004) Tort LAW, Devon: Willan Publishing Stone, R. (2008). The modern law of contract. London: Routledge-Cavendish. Harvey, B. and Marston, J. (2009). Cases and commentary on tort. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Elliot, E. and Quinn, F (2005) Tort Law. 5th ed. Essex. Pearson Education Ltd. Cooke, J. (2005),Law of Tort, 7thEdition.Pearson: Essex. vLex, (2015).Garratt v Saxby, Court of Appeal Civil Division, February 18, 2004, [2004] EWCA Civ 341,[2004] 1 WLR 2152 Case Law VLEX 52571340. [online] Available at: http://court-appeal.vlex.co.uk/vid/-52571340 [Accessed 6 May 2015] Leighday.co.uk, (2015).Construction industry accident claims | construction site compensation | leighday.co.uk. [online] Available at: http://www.leighday.co.uk/Illness-and-injury/Accident-and-personal-injury/Construction-industry-accident-claims [Accessed 6 May 2015]. Lawteacher.net, (2015).What is nervous shock? | Law Teacher. [online] Available at: http://www.lawteacher.net/free-law-essays/common-law/what-is-nervous-shock.php [Accessed 6 May 2015] Findlaw, (2015).Bicycle Accidents FindLaw. [online] Available at: http://injury.findlaw.com/car-accidents/bicycle-accidents.html [Accessed 6 May 2015] Irwin Mitchell, (2015).Construction Accident Compensation Claims | Irwin Mitchell. [online] Available at: http://www.irwinmitchell.com/personal/personal-injury-compensation/work-accident-illness-compensation-claims/construction-industry-accident-claims [Accessed 6 May 2015]

Brief History Of International Business Commerce Essay

Brief History Of International Business Commerce Essay International business is defined as the transactions that are carried out across national borders to fulfill the objectives of individuals, companies and organizations. The different modes by which international business is being done are import-export trade, foreign direct investment, licensing, franchising and management contracts. Over the last five decades international trade and investment have grown faster than the domestic economies. International business facilitates flow of idea, services and capital across the globe. The result is higher levels of innovation, faster dissemination of goods and information worldwide, more efficient use of human capital and improved access to financing (Czinkota, Ronkainen and Moffett, 2009). Brief History of International Business International business is not a new phenomenon but has been practiced around the world for thousands of years. Through the routes established in the Mediterranean, the Phoenicians, Mesopotamians, and Greeks did trading. As sophisticated business techniques emerged, facilitating the flow of goods, resources and funds between countries flourished. This growth was further stimulated by colonization activities. The Industrial Revolution further stimulated the growth of international business by providing methods of production for mass ,markets and efficient methods for utilizing raw materials. The inventions and technological developments from Industrial revolution further accelerated the smooth flow of goods, services and capital between the countries. The production grew at unprecedented levels by 1880s as the industrial revolution was in full swing in Europe and the United States. Growth continued in an upward spiral as mass production was realized and the manufactures were pushed to seek foreign markets for their products. This marked the emergence of multinational corporations. (Ajami,Cool, Goddard and Khambata, 2006) Factors leading to Growth in International Business Development and expansion of technology The introduction of telegraph in 1837, the telephone in 1876, the wireless in 1895, the aero plane in 1903, the television in 1926, the liquid fuelled rocket in 1927, the coaxial cable in 1930s and digital computer in 1946 were all the key events that triggered the growth of international business. Next to air transport, electronic communication, digital information processing has been the other principal area of technological innovation. All these technological advancements provided the platform for companies to set off increased number of international business activities. (Marios Katsioloudes, Spyros Hadjidakis, ) Liberalization of cross border activities The governmental barriers for international business have been lowered after the Second World War. The European Union, NAFTA, ASEAN and other regional economic blocs throughout the world provide fewer restrictions on cross border movements. The European Union was awarded the Nobel prize for peace 2012 in recognition for its constructive handling of peace, improving relations between nations through trade, reconciliation and human rights in Europe over the past six decades. (Europa.eu, 2012) The European commission president Jose Manuel Barrosa at the outset of receiving prize said that, we honor this prize and will preserve what had been achieved. This achievement will propel the quest for shaping a better organized world with the values of freedom, democracy and human rights.(Guardian.co.uk, 2012) Development of supporting services Governments and companies have developed services that facilitate further international business. For instance Mail, which is a government monopoly, could be transferred by an airline other than that of the country of origin could go through many different countries before reaching the final destination with the stamp of the country of origin. Also banking institutions have developed effective and efficient means for companies to receive payment for their foreign sales. The banks can assist in the payment of any currency through various international transactions upon the receipt of goods /services. (Marios Katsioloudes, Spyros Hadjidakis, ) Distinctive elements of international business The four distinctive elements of international business are: Globalization International Business Environment Unique Culture International Business Management Globalization: People around the globe are more connected than ever before. Goods and services produced in one part of the world is increasingly available in other parts of the world. This phenomenon is termed as globalization. Globalization refers to the shift toward a more integrated and interdependent world economy. Globalization has two components which are globalization of production and globalization of markets. (Aswathappa) Globalization of markets refers to the merging of separate and distinct market place into a single market. (Subba Rao, 2009). The global acceptance of consumer products such as Sony Walkmans, Coca-Cola, Levis Jeans, Citicorp Credit Cards, MCDonald Hamburgers are all considered as prototypical examples of this trend. By offering a standardized product worldwide they are helping to create a global market. (Marios Katsioloudes, Spyros Hadjidakis, ) Globalization of production refers to the tendency among firms to source goods and services from locations around the world to take global advantage of national differences in the cost and quality of factors of production. (Labor, land, energy and capital) Companies hope to lower overall cost structure by doing so. For example, Boeing companys jet airliner 777 has 132,500 component parts which are produced around the world by 545 suppliers. (Marios Katsioloudes, Spyros Hadjidakis, ) International Business Environment The international business environment is highly characterized and influenced by International Politics International Culture International Trade International financial markets and Institutions International Politics International politics is a primary concern for Multi National Enterprises. (MNEs) The past two decades have witnessed dramatic change in their political systems. Most of the countries in the Eastern Europe, in the Americas are building market economies in varying degrees. MNEs feel more confident in starting up their operations in market driven economy as they are endowed with more freedom to fix prices and more liberty in carrying out their business operations. Until MNEs feel that the government is willing to take the steps necessary to ensure that promises are kept and they are able to repatriate their funds, they are going to proceed very cautiously with their investment plans. (Rugman and Collinson, 2006) International Culture Despite the various patterns and processes of globalization, Cultural awareness is a very important aspect for MNEs when it operates in international arena. As an example, the culture, beliefs and etiquettes which are followed in the India is entirely different from that of the western world and the companies and persons who are involved in business in India should comprehend the Indian culture to its full extent. When going to a business meeting in India , bring family photos. Indians enjoy talking about each others families, which is seen as building trust and rapport before doing business. (Czinkota,Ronkainen and Moffet, ) Real Business Case Saudi Arabia: Many organizations from foreign countries entered into the Saudi Arabian market following the crisis it faced in 1970s. But not all were successful as they failed to understand the Saudi Arabian culture. A major U.S security company won a large contract to install security system for a client in Saudi Arabia. The troubles started when the shipments from the U.S. which landed in Saudi Arabia were not released by the custom officials. The reason behind the detainment of the shipments was that the security devices were wrapped in newspapers which contained fashion photographs of scantly claded women. This offended the cultural sensitivities of the officials of a nation in which majority of the women wear a long garment called Abayah. (Misra and Yadav, ) International Trade International trade is a broad term, which includes all commercial transactions that take place between nations. Multinational companies are major players in international trade and account for the major proportion of International trade. Some classic examples for international trade are, Ford which makes gear box in its factory in Bordeaux and exports it to assembly plants in different EU countries. Spain depends upon Nigeria, Algeria and Libya for 99% of its natural gas requirements. (Misra and Yadav, ) International Financial Markets and Institutions Irrespective of whether a company or bank engages in international trade, it is important that its managers understand some key aspects of international financial markets. The euro currency market, international monetary system, the foreign exchange market all influence the functioning of markets for goods and services. The euro currency market may offer a low cost borrowing opportunity; the international monetary system may set a framework that may affect many firms and the foreign exchange market determines the cost and availability of foreign currencies used in business by many firms. Unique Culture International business and its by product globalization will ensure and enforce a unique culture around the globe. For example, Pizza which has had its origin in Italy is now widely accepted and consumed all around the world thus integrating the culture and bringing about a unique food culture. Similarly Indian costumes are in high demand these days in the U.S and Europe. So international business is bringing forth a common culture which brushes out all national and cultural barriers. International Business Management International business management is all about developing business operations on an international scale. (Coade,1997). The key features of international business management are: The elements of market analysis which are required to start business operations overseas. Guidance on how to influence the international strategy on business Construct a dynamic market entry strategy Easy ways to search for a competitive advantage Why do companies go international? The desire to expand sales and revenue to acquire inputs at least cost and to minimize business and financial risk through geographic diversification has led to the growth of MNCs. The factors that led the companies accelerate their business activities worldwide are: Minimize competitive risk Expand sales Acquire resources Cost Minimize Competitive Risk Companies seek to have global presence for defensive reasons. The intense competition between companies in the domestic market incites companies to have global operations. Real Business Case Tata Motors: Since early 1990s India have been witnessing strong waves of liberalization, privatization, and globalization. The automobile giant in India, Tata motors realized that if it wants to grow then it cannot afford to have business solely to the fortunes of one country as automotive business is highly competitive and the competitiveness depends on the quality, economies of scale and efficiency which could be improved if the organization enters foreign market. The senior management of Tata Motors where left with the question whether they should remain as an exporter of vehicles which they were doing since 1961 or to enter into the international market which can compete with the best in the business. The answer they have zeroed in was to widen its business operations than just exports (Misra and Yadav, 2009). Acquire Resources Another important motive of companies to set for international business is to acquire resources such as raw materials, capital, products, technology, products or services. The reasons for it would be: Non-Availability of resources in the home country. High prices of resources in the home country. To seek resources of better quality/standard. Real Business Case Philips: Cheap labor in China brought Philips to China. In 2002 Philips had 23 factories in china which were either wholly owned or joint ventures. Two third of the companys export products were from these plants. According to Gerard Kleiterlee, the president and CEO of Philips Electronics, China is the second largest market for Philips Surpassing Germany in the last quarter of 2009. We are one of the largest multinationals in the country operating in 600 Chinese cities and employ 15000 people. (Philips.com, 2010) Minimize Risk Organizations always want to minimize the risk by minimizing the swings in sales and profit. Companies try to mitigate the vulnerability to a single economy by having a broader base in multiple geographies. Real Business Case Nestle: In 2001, Nestle witnessed slower growth in Western Europe and in the U.S. but this was offset by higher growth in Eastern Europe, Latin America and Asia. According to Peter Brabeck , Vice chairman and CEO of Nestle, Nestle has delivered a good performance by any measure in the first half of 2002 demonstrating its capacity for growth and performance improvement even in a difficult global environment (Nestle, 2002). Cost Cost aspect is a significant motivation for organizations to have inclination towards global business. Many organizations go in for international business to become more competitive internationally by reducing their costs. Real Business Case Toshiba: The manufacturing of Toshiba laptop is dispersed geographically where the mix of factor costs and skills are most favorable. The manufacturing of laptop components such as memory chips and display screens take place in Japan, microprocessors and hard drives made in the U.S. and finally assembly takes place in Singapore from where it is shipped to the U.S, Western Europe and Japan. Global Trends shaping International Business Emerging markets increase their global power Emerging markets are viewed as the worlds economic growth engine. The emerging markets where once seen as home for natural resources, cheap labor and low manufacturing cost. But now these emerging markets are seen as promising markets as they are having rapid population growth, sustained economic development and growing middle class. It is expected that BRIC nations (Brazil,Russia,India and China) would account for 50% of global GDP growth by 2020. (Ernst and Young, 2012) Cleantech become a competitive advantage Most of the governments and organizations around the world are very well aware about the carbon emissions and its repercussions. The cleantech enabled transformation to a low carbon, resource efficient economy will be the source for next industrial revolution. China, India, Brazil and Germany are gaining advantage in solar, wind, biofuels for its energy requirements. (Ernst and Young, 2012) Global Banking sees recovery through transformation The financial institutions all around the world are forced to have regulatory changes following the global economic slowdown. (Ernst and Young, 2012) The final shape of global regulatory framework is still not clear but the international banking will change tremendously in following fundamental ways: Heightened corporate governance More restrictions on priority trading, investments in hedge funds and private equity funds. Executive pay will be limited. More focus on consumer protection. Demographic shifts will transform global workforce Even though the global population is on a rise, the availability of skilled workforce is shrinking. The data suggests that the demographic divide will arise between countries with younger skilled population and aging shrinking workforce. The war for talent will be intense in areas which require higher skill levels and education. (Ernst and Young, 2012) Rapid technology innovation creates a smart, mobile world Last twenty five years have been marked by digital revolution and it has changed the way we work and communicate. Yet the consumers want more powerful devices and applications, meanwhile businesses are looking for cost-effective technology. Still there is room for greater innovation in the areas of business intelligence, smart devices and cloud computing which would revolutionize the whole process by which international business is being carried out. (Ernst and Young, 2012) Conclusion From daily bread to fuel, cosmetics to cars, entertainment to essentials, it is hard to see a product without having the label of a foreign brand. In fact international business has transformed our lifestyle, culture and tastes. It has to be noted that the positives of international business is overarching the negatives of it. International business has served as a bridge for the developing nations to attain the status of developed nation, for underdeveloped nations it is a ray of hope and for the developed world it is a means to further extend their business operations and supremacy. The good international business has done to the human kind can never be estimated and the history has proved that the international business activities were blossomed when peace existed between nations. Thus international business can be viewed as symbol of prevailing peace, prosperity and general well being of mankind.

Invisible Man Essay: Identity and Invisibility -- Invisible Man Essays

Identity and Invisibility in Invisible Man      Ã‚  Ã‚   It is not necessary to be a racist to impose 'invisibility" upon another person. Ignoring someone or acting as if we had not seen him or her, because they make us feel uncomfortable, is the same as pretending that he or she does not exist. "Invisibility" is what the main character of Ralph Ellison's Invisible Man called it when others would not recognize or acknowledge him as a person.    The narrator describes his invisibility by saying, "I am invisible ... simply because people refuse to see me." Throughout the Prologue, the narrator likens his invisibility to such things as "the bodiless heads you see sometimes in circus sideshows." He later explains that he is "neither dead nor in a state of suspended animation," but rather is "in a state of hibernation." (Ellison 6) This invisibility is something that the narrator has come to accept and even embrace, saying that he "did not become alive until [he] discovered [his] invisibility." (Ellison 7) However, as we read on in the story, it is apparent that the invisibility that the narrator experiences, goes much further than just white people unwilling to acknowledge him for who he is.    While searching for his true identity, the narrator frequently encounters different people who each see him differently. "Who the hell am I?" is the question that sticks with him as he realizes that nobody, not even he, understands who he really is. At some points in his life, identities are given to him, even as he is still trying to find himself. While in the Brotherhood, he was given a "new identity" which was "written on a slip of paper." (Ellison 309) He was told to "starting thinking of [himself] by that name ... so that eve... ... Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1971.   45-63. Ellison, Ralph.   Invisible Man.   New York: The Modern Library, 1994. Holland, Laurence B.   "Ellison in Black and White: Confession, Violence and Rhetoric in 'Invisible Man'."   Black Fiction: New Studies in the Afro-American Novel since 1945.   Ed. A. Robert Lee.   London: Vision Press, 1980.   54-73. Klein, Marcus.   "Ralph Ellison."   After Alienation: American Novels in Mid-Century.   Cleveland: World Pub., 1964.   71-146. Langman, F.H.   "Reconsidering Invisible Man."   The Critical Review.   18 (1976) 114-27. Lieber, Todd M.   "Ralph Ellison and the Metaphor of Invisibility in Black Literary Tradition."   American Quarterly.   Mar. 1972: 86-100. Major, Clarence.   American Poetry Review.   Nov/Dec. (1973) 17. Morris, Wright. "The World Below."   The New York Times Book Review 13 Apr.1952: 5.   

Michelangelo Buonarroti, the artist :: History

Michelangelo Buonarroti, the artist. "Arguably one of the most inspired creators in the history of art and, with Leonardo da Vinci, the most potent force in the Italian High Renaissance. As a sculptor, architect, painter, and poet, he exerted a tremendous influence on his contemporaries and on subsequent Western art in general." I choose this man because he is one of the more talents and known artists in the cultural family. Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475 - 1564) Michelangelo, the second of five brothers was born on March 6, 1475, at Caprese, in Tuscany, to Ludovico di Leonardo di Buonarotto Simoni and Francesca Neri. The same day, his father noted down: "Today March 6, 1475, a child of the male sex has been born to me and I have named him Michelangelo. He was born on Monday between 4 and 5 in the morning, at Caprese, where I am the Podestà  ." When Michelangelo was a child, he met a boy, Francesco Granacci six years older than him, who was learning the art of painting in Ghirlandaio's studio, and Michelangelo found his own artist vocation. Michelangelo's father placed his 13-year-old son in the workshop of the painter Domenico Ghirlandaio. After about two years, Michelangelo went on to study at the sculpture school in the Medici gardens and shortly thereafter was invited into the household of Lorenzo de' Medici, the Magnificent. Michelangelo's studies were: Painting, sculpture and Anatomy of the human body, (for this reason, the quality of his artwork, the perfection of the body in the sculpture and painting). Michelangelo was a very illustrated and intelligent boy, and his father always give him unconditional support. For these reasons, Michelangelo succeed. Michelangelo produced his first large-scale sculpture, the over-life-size Bacchus (1496-98, Bargello, Florence). Pietà   at the same time, Michelangelo also did the marble Pietà   (1498-1500), still in its original place in Saint Peter's Basilica. One of the most famous works of art, the Pieta was probably finished before Michelangelo was 25 years old. These two artworks of Michelangelo were the first ones and both are great works. While Michelangelo was occupied with the David (1501-1504) he receive a commission, paint a mural, the Battle of Cascina, destined for the Sala dei Cinquecento of the Palazzo Vecchio. With this work, he demonstrates his ability as a painter. In 1505 the Julius II commissioned Michelangelo to produce his tomb which was planned to be the most magnificent of Christian times.

Pope John Paul Xiii Impact on Christianity Essay

Pope John XXIII played a vital role in shaping Christianity as we know it today. He contributed socially, politically and liturgically and was a major influence in the establishment of ecumenism and interfaith dialogue between other churches and religions. He advocated Christian unity, social justice, human rights and the promotion of world peace, and his openness to all people led to him obtaining the name â€Å"Good Pope John†. The early life of Pope John XXIII shaped his morality and future ideas, and his travelling made him tolerant towards other people, cultures and beliefs. He believed that â€Å"No one is excluded by love† and pursued this belief throughout is papacy, even visiting prisons in order to forgive those who had sinned, considering them all his children. He had a strong personal spirituality that was central to his character and he promoted obedience and peace in all that he did, becoming a role model for many. The will of God was central to his belief and Pope John XXIII defined himself as a man of action, not an authority figure, allowing Christians to connect and relate to him personally. Pope John XXIII promoted the openness of the Catholic church, establishing the second Vatican Council which worked to modernise the liturgy and Catholic Church organisations. He changed the language of the mass from Latin to Vernacular, allowing adherents to develop a greater understanding and a more active role in their worship. The Council increased the role of the Laity and women in church, allowing them to participate in readings and also removed altar rails and made priests face the congregation, eliminating the physical barrier between the priest and the congregation. His hospitality to Communists was highly controversial amongst the Catholic church, and showed how he believed strongly in developing ties in order to discuss human rights and encourage peace. During his Papacy, Pope John XXIII published several encyclicals promoting world peace(Pacem in Terris) and increasing the consciousness of one’s dignity and rights of workers, women and newly independent nations (Mater et Magisterum). Pacem in Terris was addressed to the whole world and received warmly by Christians and non-Christians alike. It altered thinking about the Cold War and initiated the resurgence of Catholic social teaching. John Pope XXII’s main contribution to Christianity was for human kind rather than Catholics. He affirmed human rights as the basis of peace. He explicitly praised the Declaration of Human Rights which had been issued by the UN in 1948 and has helped to recapture the Christian sense of family. By initiating the Vatican II Council, John Pope XXIII contributed to sweeping changes and widespread reforms with the Catholic church which set in motion forces that were to affect Catholics, Christians and non-Christians alike. His emphasis on world peace and creating a dialogue between Christian variants and other religions impacted Christianity’s development and expression, and created unity. He was respected and loved by many and after his death Pope John XXIII was honoured by many Protestants organisations as Christian reformer. â€Å"To the entire world Pope John has given what neither diplomacy nor science could give: a sense of unity to the human family. † – Time Magazine, article on Pope John XXIII – Man of the Year.

Parapsychology: The Non-Existence of Ghosts

weirdys be a telegnostic phenomenon that has been given a lot of credibleness to which it may non be entitled. hatful argon entrusting to believe the human beings of travels based intimatelyly on the readings of electronic equipment, the explanations of the equipment operators regarding those readings and the account of eyewitnesses. The real explanations may be oftentimes to a greater extent scientific and much less(prenominal) fanciful. There atomic number 18 a few signs that a hang disclose is present, check to the believers. These atomic number 18 Unusual cold spot Unusual drafty or boring argonas Unusual smells Strange pro plants (voices, footsteps, moaning, crying, banging, etcetera Anywhere you notion a quaint being watched title-holder (Santore)These sound like flimsy grounds to convince some integrity that a cutaneous senses is present and yet the majority of believers depart attribute each or on the whole of these signs as proof that tads co me through. Science takes a much different view of these signs and sess offer more(prenominal)(prenominal) motiveable explanations for these occurrences. to the highest degree of the ghost perceives and paranormal experiences concerning ghosts net be scientifically analyzed and explained. There is no correlation betwixt the lifestyles, IQs, or financial status of believers and non believers of ghosts.Religion may play a part in the giveingness or not to accept ghosts as real. As with closely anything, if someone looks for it, it will ordinarily be desolate. That is the way most ghosts be debunked, through the belief that they are present and can be witnessed if one perseveres. This is proven by most of the Ghost Walks and tours of haunted establishments slightly the world. battalion who attend these walks and visit these establishments do so with the preconceive idea that they will see a ghost or some phenomenon that represents a ghostlike presence.This pass on of mind sets them up to see what they conjure to see and few will accentuate to explain away the ghost sighting with perception and investigation. Among the most common phenomena piece at ghost research rates are apparently floating, circular or diamond-shaped objects called chunks, which feed been captured in some(prenominal) photographs. Video television television cameras amaze shown their images floating across the screen, while digital and 35- millimeter cameras sustain photographed orbs larger than basketballs or as small as a postcard. (Krivyanski 140) These orbs are one of the more much uprised depict of the existence of a ghost.Most muckle using a digital camera hold up seen these floating spheres in numerous a(prenominal) another(prenominal) of their pictures. Believers claim these orbs are the photographic manifest of a tonus presence. Joe Nickell, Senior research Fellow for CSICOP, says, We do know that dust, fingers, camera straps, mist, and lint can reflect the cameras flash and commence ghostly effects. Dust particles are a major source of orbs. We do not know that ghosts are the explanation of any orbs. In particular, Nickell has intentionally produced orbs in experiments. (Peterson) some other photo anomaly is the ectoplasm.This is similar to the orb but is more of a pour out of smoke than a sphere shape. Ghost hunters obtain seized on ectoplasm as a pseudo explanation for various strand and mist effects in photos. such(prenominal) effects can be ca employ by the flash rebounding from the cameras articulatio radiocarpea strap, jewelry, hair, insects, a wandering fingertip, etc. , etc. (Nickell 1996). Photographs of ghosts continue to fascinate those who are flavor for proof of a ghosts existence. Over the years there put up been thousands of ghost photographs but none yield been proven without a doubt to be of a spiritual presence.Photography recreated reality so exactly that it became the medium of choice for the rendering of the ultimate non-reality the spirit. Spirit photos became spectacularly popular by the 1880s and reside colorful reminders of quaint Victorian sensibility. They were lastly embarrassing some(prenominal) for the purchasers and the providers, once intelligence operation got out that the spirits they showed were merely the by-products of regard double despicable picture. (Packer 30) Photographer William L. Mumler caused a admirer in the late 1800 when he produced photographs of ghosts for exhibition.When his ghosts were found alive and working in Boston, he admitted to fraud and explained that he had found a crude system of double exposure while working in his photographs and used it to create the photos. (Nickell 146-159) With the advances in photography and digital enhancements, it has become easier to manipulate photographs and mislead batch looking for proof of ghosts. Most times, a good researcher can discover the methods used to fake the spirits in the photos and prove the image to be a fake.While admittedly, there are some photos that cannot be explained by modern research methods, this does not indicate proof of a ghosts existence. It simply means that the method used to create the image has not been positively identified. There affirm been many proven frauds in the reasons of ghost assure and sightings. Some fakes are misunder stands of the situation or cause, as in the undermentioned slip of paper Vic Tandy of Coven drive University in Scotland. His experience elicits that it may be possible to attribute many of the classic signs of ghosts to really low relative frequency sound waves trapped inside buildings.Although these sound waves cannot be heard, tests have revealed that they can hasten the perception of wraithlike ghosts and even a scent of cold and terror. Tandy was working only one night in a laboratory. He began sweating despite feeling cold and then spy a figure in the room. He was terrified. The followi ng morning a fencing partizan who had left a foil clamped in a vise returned to the lab and noticed the blades free end frantically moving up and down. Tandy, who is a trained engineer, cognize that it might be pull outting nada from low-frequency, inaudible sound waves filling the laboratory.Indeed, tests revealed a standing wave trapped in the lab and reaching a notice intensity next to his desk. Further site inspection led to the source of the standing wave a new pedigree fan. When the fans mountings were altered, the suspected ghost left. (Krivyanski 140) One case in particular proves the power of belief and suggestion in regards to those who are meddlesome for proof that ghosts do exist. Arthur Machen, a diary keeper and author of paranormal fiction wrote a fictional account of the British Armys take out from the occupying German forces from Mons, France in 1914.Machen reported in a fanciful tale that ghost archers and soldiers from a medieval battle between the par t and French from many centuries before. The ghosts, match to Machen, supplied a rear guard that allowed the English withdrawal and even caused some casualties at bottom the Germans. Problem was the fiction quickly became fact as reports came in from the soldiers on the knit stitch more or less the angels assisting their efforts. Even when Machen decried the whole history as a work of fiction, passel kept sending him reports of the Angels.Even after(prenominal) the war, a German officer claimed a horse rear up and tossed him off after being startled by the ghostly soldiers. (Didier, 2007) There is a saying that goes People see and hear exactly what they wish to see and hear. Nowhere is this more unornamented than the field of paranormal research. Millions of throng have been taken in by imitative mediums, crooked illusionists and urban fictions. These stories or sightings have a snowball effect on the public, one somebody sees or hears something that they predicate is a ghost or spirit and others pick it up and continue the story.These wad are unaware that they are the victims of aspiring(a) thinking or propaganda. Personal ecesis is, for all practical purposes, the major reason for the persistence of divinatory and assessment procedures. If the person is not persuaded, then the story will not survive. The widespread acceptance of myths about Bigfoot, the Bermuda Triangle, ancient astronauts, ghosts, the validity of meditation and consciousness-raising schemes, and a host of other beliefs is based on persuasion through personal constitution rather than scientific conviction. (Frazier 81)Ghost stories or stories of encounters with ghosts have been produced as demonstration of existence for many years. Many of these stories or encounters are in truth quite old and have been retold in various versions many times. Urban legends are made from many of these stories, such as the ghost bridge, the college suicide and the missing political party gir l. Almost every state has a version of these stories but no one has produced concrete leaven that these tragedies ever rattling occurred as told. While there are tragedies in all areas, none have been proven to produce the ghosts said to haunt the halls, bridges and roads of these stories.Gillian Bennett states There are several problems with using these stories as a basis for overall conclusions about ghosts. First, most of these stories are highly traditionalized excellent existent for discussing ghost traditions, but for that reason less reliable as evidence of the record of ghost experience. Evans says at the outset that what he proposes to do is to see what we can hold about ghosts by looking at peoples experiences of ghosts. This is fine so long as one can be genuine that the experience they had was exactly the same as the one they reported.I doubt the match is usually this exact. Telling stories is a social act and there are all sorts of reasons for doing it and for d oing it in one way rather than another. A story about a strange experience will only be told if it fits expectations if it does not but the narrator insists on telling it anyway, the hearers will ask questions and suggest details and generally try to get it into better shape as a ghost story. This might be the imprint in which it eventually gets into print. (Bennett) There are many theories regarding what we see as ghosts and what they real may be.Some researchers have done studies on whether the intellect of the person has an effect on their belief or disbelief of ghosts. This character reference of study has too many variables to be conclusive and many of the people had preconceived opinions before the study began. There is evidence that gender may be a factor in whether one believes in ghosts or not. Many researchers have found the endorsement of paranormal beliefs to be stronger among females than males for both global belief and for most of the detail dimensions of paranor mal belief (Irwin, 1993). (Smith, Foster, and Stovin) One of the more interesting theories involves geocharismatic palm.Michael Persinger, Ph. D. , a professor of psychological science at Laurentian University in Ontario, Canada, has demonstrated that a sensitive temporal lobethe area that is prudent for regulation of emotions and motivated behaviorstogether with of course occurring magnetic fields, can trigger a ghostly encounter. Individuals prone to paranormal experiences are sensitive to weak electromagnetic fields and to man-made electrical fields, which are decent more prominent in the chat age, explains Persinger, who has studied the link between magnetic fields and paranormal experience for 15 years.(Lockman 27) For every ghost hunter out there, there is a researcher with a plausible explanation for the phenomenon. If more people stop to view the evidence that science has to offer, they would be in a position to make an educated decision. While this may not prove concre tely that ghosts do not exist, it offers a more probable explanation for those incidents that become urban legend or ghost stories. While it is meritless to think of the trauma of a college suicide, it is improbable to think that the spirit of that person has vigour better to do than hang most the college dorm where they met their demise.Paranormal research is a very wide field and new areas are throwing up every day. akin wise, the opportunity to research and investigate is an open area. With more advances in science, we are nearer than ever to proving that ghosts do not exist. The evidence presented here is a small piece of the hoaxes, frauds and misconceptions regarding the existence of ghosts. To be fair, the majority of ghost hunters investigating an occurrence will try to determine if there is a valid or mundane explanation for the sights or sounds.Many times they will find that the ghost is nothing more than loose floorboards or an overactive imagination. The cases that do not produce a common cause do not prove the existence of a ghost they merely prove that more research is needed. Ghosts do not exist and science backs this up with more evidence every day. The mediums and hauntings are having to become more elaborate in order to notice their illusions. In time, science will prove, with a doubt, that ghosts do not co-inhabit our houses, schools and roadsides.